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Micro Unit 2 study for test > CHAPTER 4 GUIDE > Flashcards

CHAPTER 4 GUIDE Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts of a bacterial cell from the outside inward?

A

Capsule,Fimbriae,Pili,Flagella,Cell Wall,Cell Membrane, Cytoplasmic Matrix, Cytoplasm, Glycocalyx, Ribosomes, inclusion Bodies,Nucleiod

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2
Q

What is the Capsule?

A

It is a polysaccharide layer that lies outside the cell envelope.

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3
Q

Is capsule part of the outer envelope of a bacterial cell?

A

Yes

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4
Q

What is the Nucleoid?

A

DNA/genetic information.

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5
Q

Is Nucleiod surrounded by a membrane?

A

No

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6
Q

What is the Cytoplasm?

A

It is where the functions for cell growth, metabolism, and replication are carried out.

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7
Q

What are Pili?

A

they are part of bacterial cell that transfer genetic information(conjugation).

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8
Q

What is the singular version of the Pili?

A

Pillus

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9
Q

Describe the Pili.

A

elongated tubes that has long tethers.

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10
Q

What are Fimbriae?

A

Velcro-like, short and numerous bristles

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11
Q

What do Fimbriae do?

A

stick to cells and surfaces

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12
Q

What is the Glycocalyx?

A

a glycoprotein and glycolipid covering that surrounds the cell membranes of some bacteria

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13
Q

What is the other term for Glycocalyx?

A

Pericelullar Matrix

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14
Q

What substance is the bacterial cell wall made of?

A

it is a rigid layer of polysaccharides

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fJ3pVJoJDv8

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15
Q

What is the Cell Membrane?

A

It is the actual barrier.

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16
Q

What are Ribosomes?

A

these are where protein synthesis occurs.

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17
Q

What are Inclusion Bodies?

A

storage sites

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18
Q

What is the other term for Inclusion Bodies?

A

Granules

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19
Q

What are Plasmids?

A

Extrachromosomal genetic units characterized by several features, is a double-stranded DNA that is smaller than and replicates indepently of the cell chromosome, it bears genes that are not essential for cell growth; it can bear genes that code for adaptive traits; and it is transmissible to other bacteria.

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20
Q

What is the typical size and shape of Plasmids?

A

They are usually small and circular.

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21
Q

What do Plasmids contains?

A

It contains non essential DNA and antibiotic resistance.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GNMJBMtKKWU

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22
Q

What is the Cytoplasmic Matrix?

A

the liquid found inside the cells.

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23
Q

Does typical bacterium have a cellular wall based on the cellular envelope?

A

Yes

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24
Q

Does non-typical bacterium have a cellular wall based on the cellular envelope?

A

No

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25
Q

Name two differences in cellular components between a typical bacterium and an archaeon.

A
  1. The cell walls of a typical bacterium have peptidoglycans while the cell walls of archeon do not have peptidoglycans.
  2. The cell membrane of an archaeon has ether linkages more stable and unique while a typical bacterium has ester linkages.
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26
Q

What are the 2 types of bacterium that help dictate the different cellular abilities of the organism, it’s environmental niche, and treatment with antibiotics?

A
  1. Gram-negative 2. Gram-positive

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Jvo6IGKTvxA

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27
Q

What are the 3 chemical compositions of Gram-positive cell wall?

A
  1. peptidoglycan 2. teichoic acid 3.lipoteichoic acid
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28
Q

What are the 3 chemical compositions of Gram-negative?

A
  1. Phospholipids 2. Lipoproteins 3. lipopolysaccharide.
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29
Q

What dictates the cellular activities and environmental niche of bacteria?

A

the presence of the chemicals in the cell envelopes of the respective bacterium.

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30
Q

What are the four functions of the presence of lipopolysaccharide in Gram-negative bacterium?

A
  1. aids in the stabilization of the membrane structure 2. acts as endotoxin 3. acts as a protective barrier, and imparts strong negative charge due to the charged sugars and phosphates.
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31
Q

What do the presence of the chemicals in Gram-negative and Gram-positive do?

A

The presence of the chemicals makes the Gram-negative bacterium more formidable than the Gram-positive bacterium.

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32
Q

Which has thicker peptidoglycan in its membrane: gram-positive or gram-negative?

A

Gram-positive

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33
Q

Which has thinner peptidoglycan in its membrane: gram-positive or gram-negative?

A

Gram-negative

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34
Q

What is the characteristic of the thick outer covering or membrane of the Gram-positive?

A

it is capable of absorbing a lot of foreign material just as fences and walls can absorb mold and moisture.

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35
Q

Because of their thin but difficult-to-penetrate cell membrane, gram-negative bacteria are often resistant to what?

A

antibiotics and other antibacterial interventions.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xAqceL9A-Bs

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36
Q

What are the six parts of the Gram-positive cell wall?

A
  1. peptidoglycan
  2. teichoic acid
  3. cell membrane
  4. lipoteichoic acid
  5. periplasmic space
  6. membrane protein
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37
Q

Describe Peptidoglycan.

A

it is thick (multilayered), a substance forming the cell walls of many bacteria

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38
Q

What are Teichnoic acids?

A

they are compound present in the walls of Gram-positive bacteria, a polymer of ribitol or glycerol phosphate.

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39
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

the semipermeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell.

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40
Q

What are lipoteichnoic acids?

A

a major constituent of the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria

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41
Q

What is the periplasmic space?

A

the space between the inner cytoplasmic membrane and the bacterial outer membrane.

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42
Q

What do the membrane proteins do?

A

perform a variety of functions vital to the survival of organisms.

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43
Q

What are the parts of the Gram-negative cell wall?

A

Lipopolysaccharides

Porins

Phospolids

Membrane proteins

Lipoproteins

Periplasmic space

Peptidoglycan

Outer membrane layer

Cell membrane

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44
Q

What are Lipopolysaccharides?

A

complex molecules containing both lipids and polysaccharide parts.

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45
Q

What are Porins?

A

a class of proteins whose molecules can form channels (large enough to allow the passage of small ions and molecules) through cellular membranes.

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46
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

lipids containing a phosphate group in its molecule

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47
Q

What are lipoproteins?

A

any of a group of soluble proteins that combine with and transport fat or other lipids in the blood plasma

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48
Q

Is the periplasmic space much smaller in gram-positive or in gram-negative bacteria?

A

Gram-positive bacteria

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49
Q

What is Peptidoglycan?

A

a substance forming the cell walls of many bacteria

50
Q

Where can the outer membrane layer be found?

A

it is found in gram-negative bacteria among other things.

51
Q

What do you call the lipid portion of the complex lipopolysaccharide?

A

Endotoxin

52
Q

What is the cell membrane?

A

the semi-permeable membrane surrounding the cytoplasm of a cell

53
Q

What is bacteria?

A

a microscopic single-celled organism

54
Q

What are the 3 parts of the flagella?

A
  1. filament
  2. basal body
  3. hook
55
Q

What is the filament of the flagella?

A

longest portion, helical propeller

56
Q

Where is the basal body of the flagella?

A

embedded in the cell

57
Q

Describe the hook of the flagella

A

short, curved segment

58
Q

What is the meaning of monotrichous?

59
Q

What is the meaning of lophotrichous?

A

cluster of flagella at one or both ends

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8PgF5IBxEA

60
Q

What is the meaning of amphitrichous?

A

1 flagellum at each pole

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8PgF5IBxEA

61
Q

What is the meaning of peritrichous?

A

flagella spread over the whole bacteria

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C8PgF5IBxEA

62
Q

What is Chemotaxis?

A

It is the movement of cells of organisms in response to chemicals

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eygSn07jokY

63
Q

What are the two types of Chemotaxis?

A
  1. Positive Chemotaxis
  2. Negative Chemotaxis
64
Q

What is Positive Chemotaxis?

65
Q

What is Negative Chemotaxis?

A

repelled by substances exhibiting chemical properties

66
Q

What are Spirochetes?

A

extremely thin bacteria that move like a corkscrew (w/ the aid of a flagella) some of which are serious pathogens for humans causing diseases.

67
Q

What are the common diseases that are brought by Spirochetes?

A

Syphilis and Lyme disease.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ern5EKHDvUQ

68
Q

What is conjugation in cells?

A

transfer of genetic information via cell-to-cell contact

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O-EdX4MaMFE

69
Q

What is the slime layer?

A

it is an easily removed, unorganized layer of extracellular material that surrounds bacteria cells.

70
Q

What are the 3 compositions of slime layer?

A
  1. exopolysaccharides 2. glycoproteins 3. glycolipids
71
Q

What are the 2 functions of the slime layer?

A
  1. protects the bacteria cells from environmental dangers such as antibiotics and desiccation (extreme dryness)
  2. it allows bacteria to adhere to smooth surfaces.
72
Q

What is a biofilm?

A

a thick layer of prokaryotic organisms that have aggregated to form a colony.

73
Q

What is Gram stain?

A

a technique used to differentiate two large groups of bacteria based on their different cell wall constituents by coloring the cells red or violet.

74
Q

What are the characteristics of a Gram-Positive cell wall?

A

thick, composed primarily of peptidoglycan (20-80 nm thick) wall cell, negatively charged, stain violet due to the presence of a thick layer of peptidoglycan in their cell walls which retains the color of crystal violet.

75
Q

What are the characteristics of a Gram Negative cell wall?

A

more complex than Gram positive cell walls, with thin peptidoglycan layer (1-3 nm), may be in a form of a gel rather than a compact layer, stains red, does not retain the color of crystal violet due to its thinner peptidoglycan wall during the decoloring process.

76
Q

What is the cell envelope?

A

represents the outermost layer of the bacterial cell that protects the cell.

77
Q

What are the two categories of the cell envelope?

A
  1. Gram-positive type 2. Gram-negative type
78
Q

What is the outer membrane?

A

protects Gram-negative bacteria against a harsh environment

79
Q

What are the 3 parts of the outer membrane?

A
  1. phospholipids 2. lipoproteins 3. lipopolysaccharides
80
Q

What is the other term for Peptidoglycan(PG)?

A

Murein

81
Q

What is lysis?

A

the disintegration of a cell by rupture of the cell wall or membrane.

82
Q

What is mycoplasma?

A

smallest and simplest self-replicating bacteria; lacks a cell wall around their cell membrane; typically parasitic

83
Q

What are endospores?

A

dormant, non-reproductive, and enzymatically inert forms of bacterial vegetative cells.

84
Q

What is sporulation?

A

refers to the formation of nearly dormant forms of bacteria.

85
Q

What are bacilli?

A

a rod-shaped bacterium

86
Q

What are cocci?

A

a spherical-shaped bacterium

87
Q

What are vibrio?

A

a comma-shaped bacterium (curved rod)

88
Q

What is the meaning of arrangement in bacterial cells?

A

refers to the placement of bacterial cells

89
Q

What is the diplo arrangement?

A

bacterial cells are arranged in pairs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8B5rrwozQ3A

90
Q

What is the strepto arrangement?

A

bacterial cells are arranged in chains

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8B5rrwozQ3A

91
Q

What is the staphylo arrangement?

A

bacterial cells are arranged in grape-like clusters

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8B5rrwozQ3A

92
Q

List the cellular components that all cells have.

A

plasma membrane cytoplasm ribosomes DNA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=URUJD5NEXC8

93
Q

List the 7 characteristics of all life.

A
  1. responsiveness to the environment 2. growth and change 3. ability to reproduce 4. have a metabolism and breathe 5. maintain homeostasis 6. made up of cells 7. passing of traits onto offspring

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iS4QrzdURz0

94
Q

What is the difference between flagella and periplasmic flagella?

A

Flagella can be found on the surface of the cell while periplasmic flagella can be found inside the cell within the periplasmic space.

95
Q

What is meant by run-and-tumble motion?

A

It is a method used by bacteria that have several flagella to undergo random walks to find food. The “runs” are the steps in a random walk and the “tumbles” are the random changes in direction.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zlFRJftA2bU

96
Q

What are the 3 advantages of bacteria in biofilms?

A
  1. nutrient scavenging
  2. increased metabolic diversity
  3. efficiency resistance to antimicrobial action

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x03-dD69NEI

97
Q

What external cell structures might be involved in the formation of a biofilm?

A

Pili and fimbriae

98
Q

What are the 2 types of glycocalyx?

A
  1. Capsules 2. Slime layers
99
Q

When is the glycocalyx considered a capsule?

A

A glycocalyx is considered a capsule when the polysaccharides are more firmly attached to the cell wall.

100
Q

What is the impact of bacteria being encapsulated?

A

Bacteria that have capsules generally have greater pathogenicity because the capsule protects the bacteria even from phagocytic white blood cells of the immune system.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lvnBTjOh0u4

101
Q

What are the two main functions of the peptidoglycan in the bacteria?

A
  1. maintain the shape of the cell 2. to counteract the high osmotic pressure of the bacterial protoplast.
102
Q

What happens if the peptidoglycan is disrupted or removed?

A

the bacteria undergo immediate osmotic lysis.

103
Q

Describe the medical impact of the cell envelope of Gram-positive.

A

gram-positive bacteria lack an outer membrane but are surrounded by layers of peptidoglycan many times thicker than is found in the Gram-negative bacteria.

104
Q

Describe the medical impact of the cell envelope of Gram-negative.

A

Gram-negative bacteria pose public health concern since it is responsible for the endotoxic shock associated with septicemia.

105
Q

Which group of bacteria are more resistant to drugs - Gram-positive or Gram-negative?

A

Gram-negative bacteria

106
Q

Why are Gram-negative bacteria resistant to drugs?

A

because of their largely impermeable cell wall.

107
Q

What is commonly used as a microbial control agent?

A

Antibiotics are commonly used as microbial control agent.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IVBCrzjOl40

108
Q

Why are antibiotics effective?

A

because antibiotics are produced by microorganisms to kill or inhibit the growth of other microbes.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-gJ4YNFphcc

109
Q

Where is the periplasmic space located in Gram-negative bacteria?

A

It is located between the inner and outer membrane.

110
Q

Where can a smaller periplasmic space be found in Gram-positive bacteria?

A

a smaller periplasmic space is found between the inner membrane and the peptidoglycan layer.

111
Q

What is the function of the periplasmic space?

A

it serves as a buffer between the external environment and the internal of the bacterium.

112
Q

What component of acid-fast bacteria such as Mycobacterium species makes their cell walls unique?

113
Q

What is the function of myotic acid in mycobacterium species?

A

Mycolic acid in the cell walls makes mycobacterium species impermeable to many staining procedures.

114
Q

What are the 2 compositions of ribosomes?

A

special proteins and nucleic acids.

115
Q

What is the function of ribosomes?

A

It function as a micro-machine for making proteins.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4n7GJAaibVk

116
Q

How many ribosomes sizes do the bacteria, achea and eukaryotes have?

A

Bacteria and archea both have 70S ribosomes while eukaryotes have 80S.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MkfThTO-mj0

117
Q

What condition stimulates endospore formation?

A

Endospores are formed via the conversion of a vegetative cell by a complicated pathway of gene expression triggered by nutrient exhaustion.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7zCQLITFEb0

118
Q

Is sporulation survival for the individual organism or just continuation of the species lineage?

A

Sporulation serves as a survival mechanism for the individual organism when conditions are inhospitable.

119
Q

What is the medical significance of the bacterial endospores?

A

It is resistant to heat, chemicals, and radiation.

120
Q

How do unique cellular components help dictate where a prokaryote can live?

A

Unique cellular components enables the organism to live in an environment where others can’t.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oqGuJhOeMek

121
Q

Which is more stable: ester linkages or ether linkages?

Micro Unit 2 study for test (4 decks)

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