Chapter 5: Fundamentals of Human Energy Transfer

Question 1

What are the 4 Macronutrients present in the Human body?

Answer 1

1. Fats 2. Proteins 3. Carbohydrates 4. Water

Question 2

What is the 1st Law of Thermodynamics?

Answer 2

Conservation of Energy (energy can neither be created nor destroyed–but can be transformed from one form to another w/o being depleted)

Question 3

________ and ________ constitute the total energy of a system.

Answer 3

• Potential - Kinetic

Question 4

_________: any physical or chemical process that releases energy to its surroundings.

Answer 4

• Exergonic (Represent “downhill” processes; they produce a decline in free energy)

Question 5

__________ : Chemical processes store or absorb energy

Answer 5

• Endergonic (Represent “uphill” processes, and proceed with an increase in free energy for biologic work)

Question 6

What is the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics?

Answer 6

• Tendency of potential energy to convert to kinetic energy of motion with a lower capacity for work - Ultimately, all of the potential energy in a system degrades to the unusable form of kinetic or heat energy

Question 7

What are the 6 forms of energy in the human body?

Answer 7

1. Chemical 2. Mechanical 3. Heat 4. Light 5. Electric 6. Nuclear

Question 8

What are the 3 most relevant forms of energy in the body?

Answer 8

1. Chemical 2. Mechanical 3. Heat

Question 9

What are the 3 different forms of biologic work?

Answer 9

1. Mechanical Work 2. Chemical Work 3. Transport Work

Question 10

What is mechanical work?

Answer 10

• Muscle contraction.

Question 11

What is chemical work?

Answer 11

• Synthesis of cellular molecules.

Question 12

What is transport work?

Answer 12

• Concentration of various substances in the intracellular and extracellular fluids.

Question 13

What are (4) factors that affect Bioenergetics?

Answer 13

1. Enzymes 2. Reaction rates 3. Mode of Action 4. Coenzymes

Question 14

________: highly specific and large protein catalyst that accelerates the forward and reverse rates of chemical reactions within the body without being consumed or changed in the reaction.

Answer 14

• Enzymes

Question 15

__________ : operation rate of enzymes

Answer 15

• Reaction Rates

Question 16

___________: How an enzyme interacts with its specific substrate

Answer 16

• Mode of Action

Question 17

___________ : Complex nonprotein that facilitate enzyme action by binding the substrate with its specific enzyme

Answer 17

• Coenzymes

Question 18

ATP–cells’ 2 major energy-transforming activities:

Answer 18

1. Form and conserve ATP from food’s potential energy 2. Use energy extracted from ATP to power all forms of biologic work

Question 19

The body can store only __ to ___ of ATP.

Answer 19

80 - 100 * Represents an additional advantage due to its molecule’s heaviness * Because cells store only a small quantity of ATP, it must be resynthesized continually at its rate of use

Question 20

Phosphocreatine or PCr provides some energy for: ____ _________

Answer 20

-ATP Resynthesis

Question 21

The hydrolysis of PCr begins at the onset of intense exercise, does not require oxygen, and reaches a maximum in: __-_____

Answer 21

-8 to 12 seconds

Question 22

Cells store _____ in considerably larger quantities than ATP

Answer 22

-PCr

Question 23

ATP and PCr are considered _______ sources of Phosphate-bond energy

Answer 23

-Anaerobic

Question 24

________ occurs on the inner lining of mitochondrial membranes.

Answer 24

-Oxidation

Question 25

_________ involves the transferring of electrons from NADH and FADH2 to molecular oxygen–which release and transfer chemical energy to combine ATP from ADP plus a Phosphate ion.

Answer 25

-Oxidation

Question 26

During ______ ATP Resynthesis, oxygen combines with hydrogen to form water.

Answer 26

-Aerobic

Question 27

Water us formed in the _____.

Answer 27

-ETC (Electron Transport Chain)

Question 28

Oxidative-Phosphorylation creates ___ ATP.

Answer 28

-3

Question 29

Name at least (4) Macronutrient Fuel Sources for Oxidation.

Answer 29

-Triacylglycerol & glycogen molecules stored w/in muscle cells -Blood Glucose -Free Fatty Acids -Intramuscular- and liver-derived carbon skeletons of amino acids -Anaerobic reactions in the cytosol in the initial phase of glucose or glycogen breakdown -Phosphorylation of ADP by PCr under enzymatic control by creatine kinase and adenylate kinase

Question 30

What is the primary function of carbohydrates?

Answer 30

-Supply energy for cellular work.

Question 31

What is the only macronutrient whose potential energy generates ATP aerobically?

Answer 31

-Carbohydrates

Question 32

The complete breakdown of one mole of glucose to carbon dioxide and water yields a maximum of _____ of chemical free energy available for work.

Answer 32

-686 kCal

Question 33

Oxidation of one glucose molecule in skeletal muscle yields a total of how many ATP molecules?

Answer 33

-32

Question 34

Glycolysis is:

Answer 34

-Carbohydrate breakdown

Question 35

________: Relatively slow process resulting in substantial ATP formation–The second stage of carbohydrate breakdown converts pyruvate to acetyl–CoA, which then progresses through the citric acid cycle.

Answer 35

-Aerobic

Question 36

________: Rapid but limited ATP production that produces lactate as the end product

Answer 36

-Anaerobic

Question 37

What is depicted in the diagram below?

Answer 37

-Glycolysis

Question 38

What process is depicted in the diagram below?

Answer 38

-Lactate Formation

Question 39

The combined process of Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle, and the Electron Transport Chain yield how many net ATP?

Answer 39

-32

Question 40

____ _____ is the most plentiful source of potential energy.

Answer 40

-Stored Fat

Question 41

What are 3 specific energy sources for fat catabolism?

Answer 41

(1) Triacylglycerols stored directly within the muscle fiber in close

proximity to the mitochondria.

(2) Circulating triacylglycerols in lipoprotein complexes that become

hydrolyzed on the surface of a tissue’s capillary endothelium.

(3) Adipose tissue that provides circulating free fatty acids mobilized

from triacylglycerols in adipose tissue.

Question 42

The breakdown of a triacylglycerol molecule yields about ____ molecules of ATP.

Answer 42

-460

Question 43

Protein can serve as an _____ _______.

Answer 43

-Energy substrate

Question 44

When deamination removes nitrogen from an amino acid molecule,

the remaining carbon skeleton can enter metabolic pathways to

produce ATP ________.

Answer 44

-Aerobically

Question 45

Protein acts as an energy substrate during long duration, __________

activities.

Answer 45

-endurance-type