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AP GOV > Chapter 5:Electoral Process And Voting > Flashcards

Chapter 5:Electoral Process And Voting Flashcards

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1
Q

Reapportionment

A

-Process occurs every 10 years in which seats in legislative body are distributed among administrative divisions entitled to representation

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2
Q

Gerrymandering

A

Manipulate the boundaries of an electoral constituency so as to favor 1 party or class

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3
Q

Front loading

A

The tendency of states ro choose an earlier date on the primary calendar

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4
Q

McGovern-Fraser Commission

A

A group of people whose purpose was o examine ehe nominación proses for the President of the US a]making it more democratice and open process`

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5
Q

Political Party

A

A group of office holders, candidates, activists, and voters who identify with a group label and seek to elect to public office individuals who run under that label

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6
Q

Governmental Party

A

The office holders and candidates who run under a political party’s banner

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7
Q

Organizational Party

A

The workers and activists who staff the party’s organization

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8
Q

Party in Electorate

A

The voters who consider themselves allied/associated with the party

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9
Q

Party Machine

A

A party organization that recruits its members with tangible incentives and is characterized by a high degree of control over member activity

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10
Q

Direct Primary

A

The selection of party candidates through the ballots of qualified voters rather than a party than at party nomination convention

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11
Q

Civil Service Laws

A

These acts removed the staffing of the bureaucracy from political parties and created a professional bureaucracy filled through competition

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12
Q

Issue oriented politics

A

Politics that focuses on specific issues rather than one party, candidate, or other loyalties

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13
Q

Ticket-Split

A

To vote for candidates of different parties for various offices in the same election

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14
Q

Coalition

A

A group of interests or organizations that join forces for the purpose of electing public officials

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15
Q

National Convention

A

A party meting held in the presidencial election year for the purposes of nominating a presidential and vice presidential ticket and adopting a platform

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16
Q

Think tank

A

Institutional collection of policy-oriented researchers and academics who are sources of policy ideas

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17
Q

How do think tanks influence political parties’ positions?

A

Think tanks push forward ideas both supported by fact and simple opinion, influencing public opinion
-ideas appear on tv, testify on congressional hearings, build coalitions on policy issues, and shape public debate.

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18
Q

Important role of national committee chairperson

A
  • plans presidential nominating convention, most publicized and vital event in party’s calendar
  • prime spokesperson, hires staff, raises money, represents in media,
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19
Q

How is party discipline enforced?

A
  • seniority determines most COMMITTEE ASSIGNMENTS, an occasional choice plum may be given to the loyal or withheld from the rebels
  • the senate majority leader can decide whether a member’s bill is given priority in LEGISLATIVE AGENDA or will be dismissed without so much a hearing
  • PORK BARREL PROJECT gov projects yielding rich patronage benefits that sustain many legis electoral survival ,ay be included/deleted
  • SMALL FAVORS & PREREQUISITE may impose sanctions of various sorts to punish lawmakers
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20
Q

How was Ronald Regan a party oriented president?

A

During reelection…

  • made over 2 dozen campaign and fundraising appearances
  • taped more than 300 endorsements
  • involved in recruiting candidates
  • Helped underdog/long shot candidates
  • signed more than 70 fund-raising appeals for party committees
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21
Q

Party Identification

A

A citizen’s personal affinity for a political party,usually expressed by his or her tendency to vote for the candidate of that party

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22
Q

Third-Partyism

A

The tendency of 3rd parties to arise without some regularity in a nominally 2 party syste,

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23
Q

Proportional representation

A

A voting system that apportions legislative seats according to the percentage of the vote won by a particular political party

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24
Q

Ralph Nader

A

2000 Green Party Nominee who led a nation wide anti-establishment campaign to oppose the corporate-backed main

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25
Q

3 functions of 3rd parties

A
  • Benefits because allows for greater diversity
  • 2 part system isn’t integral of a successful representative democracy
  • 3rd parties can provide useful solution to political problems on the local and regional levels
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26
Q

Electorate

A

Citizens eligible to vote

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27
Q

Mandate

A

A command indicated by an electorate’s votes, for the elected officials to carry out their platform

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28
Q

Primary Election

A

Election in which voters decide which of the candidates with in a party will represent the party in the general election

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29
Q

Open Primaries

A

A primary election in which party members, independents, and sometimes members of the other party are allowed to vote

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30
Q

Closed Primary

A

A primary election in which only a party’s registered voters are eligible to vote

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31
Q

Crossover Voting

A

Participation in the primary of a party with which the other is not affiliated

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32
Q

Raiding

A

An organized attempt by voters of one party to influence the primary results of the other party.

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33
Q

Nonpartisan Primary

A
  • A primary used to select candidates regardless of party affiliation
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34
Q

Initiative

A

An election that allows all citizens to propose legislation and submit it to the state electorate for popular vote

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35
Q

Referendum

A

An election whereby the state legislation to the state’s voters for approval

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36
Q

Superdelegate

A

Delegate slots to the Democratic Party’s national convention that is reserved for an elected party official

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37
Q

Elector

A

Members of the electoral college chosen by methods determined in each state

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38
Q

Functions of Popular Election

A
  • Legitimizes the government - helps organize government pointing society to a certain direction
  • Ensure government is accountable to the people
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39
Q

Initiative

A

The process by which citizens propose legislation and submit it to the state electorate for popular vote

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40
Q

Referendum

A

A proposed legislation submitted by the state legislature and is to be voted by states voter for approval

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41
Q

criticisms of the presidential primary election

Winner take all primary

A

who wins the most votes in a state secure all of that state’s delegates, arguable unfairness

42
Q

Criticism for Pres . Primary Election- Proportional Rep. Primary

A
  • candidate who secure a % of votes are awarded delegates in proportion to the # of pop votes; gives majority of delegates more difficulty to accumulate thus can lengthen contest
43
Q

How does choosing an earlier date for presidential primaries gain influence?

A
  • receives more media coverage than it warrants simply b/c first
  • excessive coverage skies other opinions in more populous states that hold primaries later
44
Q

Gerrymandering

A

Legislative process through which the majority party in each statehouse tries to assure that the max # of representatives from its political party can be elected to congress through the redrawing of legislative districts

45
Q

Incumbent

A

Already holding an office position

46
Q

Coattail Effect

A

The tendency for a popular political party votes for candidates of the same party

47
Q

Midterm Elections

A

Elections that take place in the middle of a presidential term

48
Q

How do congressional elections differ from the presidency?

A

Most candidates for congress labor in relative obscurity. Majority are little-known legislatures and local office holders.

49
Q

3 advantages of Incumbents

A

-Already hold a position in office and trend to hold that position
—— formed support from people & sponsors
-Highly visible in their districts
—— Easily access media, speak frequently, etc
-The ability to fend off challenges from strong opposition candidates “scare off effect”

50
Q

Problem with Gerrymandering

A

Dilutes minority strength; illegal under voting rights act of 1965

51
Q

Voter turnout

A

The proportion of the voting - age public that votes

52
Q

Voting Rights Act of 1965

A

Act prohibiting racial discrimination in voting

53
Q

26th Amendment

A

The right of US citizens to vote at age 18

54
Q

Ticket Splitting

A

Voting for candidate of different parties for various offices in the same election

55
Q

Why Voter Turn Out is so low…

A
  • too busy
  • difficulty in registration
  • absentee voting
  • number of elections
  • voter attitudes
  • weak political parties
56
Q

How to Improve voting turnout

A
  • Easier registration and absentee voting- allowing fir registration day to be the same as voting day, automatic registration
  • Make Election Day a holiday
  • Strengthen Parties
57
Q

Patterns in Voting

A

Race- White/Vietn Amer- Rep, Afr/Hisp/Chin Amer- Demo
Gender- Women Demo, Men Rep
Income- Poor Demo, Rich Rep

58
Q

Voter Canvas

A

The process by which a campaign reaches individual voters, either by door to door or cell

59
Q

Get-Out-Vote

A

A push at the end of political campaign to encourage supporters to go to the polls

60
Q

Pollster

A

A professional who takes public opinion surveys that guide political campaign

61
Q

Direct Mailer

A

A professional who supervises a political campaign’s direct mauls fundraising strategies

62
Q

Communication Director

A

The person who develops the overall media strategy for the candidate blending the free press coverage with the paid tv, radio, and mail media

63
Q

Press Secretary

A

The individual charged with interacting and communicating with journalist on a daily basis

64
Q

Political Action Comittee

A

PAC- Federally mandated, officially registered fund-raising committee that represents interest groups in the political process

65
Q

Public Funds

A

Donations from the general tax revenues to the campaigns of qualifying presidential candidates

66
Q

Marching Funds

A

Donations to presidential campaigns from the federal gov that are determined by the amount of private funds a qualifying candidate raises

67
Q

Tasks of a campaign consultant

A

Are private sector professionals and firms who sell to a candidate the technologies, services, and strategies required to get the candidate elected to his/her office of choice

  • oversee entire campaign
  • fundraising, polling, mass mailings, media relations, advertising, and speech writing
68
Q

3 types of advertisements in a political campaign

A
  • Positive Ads - stress the candidates qualifications, family and issue positions w/out referencing opponent
  • Negative Ads- attack the opponent’s character and platform
  • Contrast Ads- compare the records and proposals of the candidates with a bias towards sponsor
69
Q

3 problems with media coverage

A
  • news media reports political news based on news editor’s decisions of what is news worthy - “fit to print”
  • Media is usually bias
  • Over emphasizes trial parts in campaign
70
Q

What is the goal of campaign finance laws

A

Created to prevent money scandal and corruption

71
Q

Blanket primary

A

Voters may vote in either parties, but not both, on an office by office basis

72
Q

Runoff Primary

A

2nd round contest between 2 candidates with the most votes

73
Q

General election

A

Once parties have chosen candidates, this is contest between parties to fill office.

74
Q

Recall

A

Allow citizens to remove someone from office

75
Q

Drawbacks of elections

A

Poorly worded, too many get on ballot

76
Q

Presidential Elections

A

Every 4 years, its actually 50 separate state elections where delegates are elected.
- held on Tuesday after 1st Monday in November

77
Q

Election Stages

A

Invisible Primary- time for announcement to 1st primary, fundraiser, endorsements and public interest are key
Primary Season- 1st caucus in Iowa and 1st primary in Hew Hamp.
-Front-loading
Waiting - period from presumptive candidate until convention when made the official candidate
Nominating Convention- Party out of power has it first. Speeches, platform and Vice President chosen

78
Q

Primary vs Caucus…

A

Primary are state wide elections to choose a candidate
Caucus are meeting throughout state and discuss candidates then one
-people with genuine interest and who have performed research

79
Q

Political Parties Promote..

A

Stability, unity, mobilize support, organize elections, and inform voters

80
Q

PArty Convention

A

Conventions have become a 4 day pep rally

Select party candidate

81
Q

McGovern- Fraser Commission

A

Formed after 1968 democratic convention in response to demands for reform by minorities and other who sought better representation

82
Q

Electoral College

A

Framers did not trust electors to vote for president directly

Electors chosen by parties, party that wins the majority of the pop Vogt gets all the states electoral votes

83
Q

Probs with Electoral College

A
  • winner of pop vote may not win election b/c votes aren’t distributed in exact proportion to pop
  • electors not bound to vote for candidate
  • elections may be thrown into house of reps where voting is state by state
84
Q

Why not dump electoral college

A
  • smaller states have more say with the system

- changing it requires a constitutional amendment

85
Q

15th amendment

A

Opened up voting African American

86
Q

19th Amend

A

Opened voting up to women

87
Q

Structure of a Campaign

A
  • Nominating Camp- aimed @ party Lakers and activists who choose nominee, often get pushed to ideological extremes
  • general election Camp- ultimate foal of candidate is to win election, has to avoid extremes
  • personal camp- make personal appearance with family, speeches, press conferences
  • organizational camp- behind the scenes needs people for fund raising, press releases, polls and consultant
  • media campaign- all camps in use paid media
88
Q

Hard Money

A

Money given directly to a candidate for their campaign

89
Q

Soft money

A
  • originally meant money is given to the party to be used for general purposes
  • loop holes allow for. Money to be used to directly help candidates

-527 political organizations formed to focus on single issues and attempt to influence voters

90
Q

Federal Elections Campaign Acts (FECA 1971)

A

Regulate political money. Goal was to limit impact of money on elections and limit big business influence

91
Q

McCain- Feingold- Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform Act (BCRA)

A

Tried to limit impact of money

92
Q

Buckley vs. Valeo

A

Supreme Court struck down limits to campaigns spending

93
Q

Citizens United

A

Supreme Court ruled that corporations are people and have free speech , and unlimited campaign donations.

94
Q

Suffrage/Frachise

A

Right to Vote

95
Q

Candidate Centered Campaigns

A

Campaigns have most of the initiative and influence

96
Q

Party Centered Campaign

A

Politics that focus on what parties want. Parties choose candidates, issues, disseminated info, organize and run campaigns

97
Q

Realignment

A

The switching of voter preference form 1 party to another

98
Q

Delignment

A

Process by which large portion of electorate abandons previous party affiliation without developing a new one to replace it.

99
Q

George Wallace

A

Far right politician, governor fo Alabama

- promoted low grade industrial development, low taxes, and trade school

100
Q

Ross Perot

A

Am,divan business magnate fonder of the successful electronic data System corporations

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