Chapter #5: Development & Socialization Flashcards
What is a Sensitive Period?
a period of time during development when it is relatively easy to acquire new skills
What does a sensitive period help determine?
- the ability to learn new behaviors that suit an environment
- ability to specialize in behaviors that are effective in an environment
T/F Language Acquisition is a hallmark of human development?
True
How many sounds can humans produce and recgonize?
150 phonemes
How many phonemes is usually found in a human language?
no more than 70 phonemes
T/F It is hard to recgonize phonemes not in their own language?
True
Why are infants considered universal learners?
Before the age of 8 months, infants can discriminate all phonemes
* better at learning multiple language when they’re young
* grammar and accent recognition declines with age
What do brain studies in Bilingual individuals show?
- Bilinguals who learn multiple language early in life show activation in the same region for multiple lanuages
- Bilinguals who learn a language later in life show activation in seperate brain regions for each language
What is the “Forbidden Experiment”?
- To test the importance of learning language in early life
- Experimentally raise children with no language until 15, and then try to teach them language later
What are some examples of outcomes for children who did not learn language early in life?
- The Wild Boy of Aveyron, French 12 year old who was raised in the forest; never became a functioning adult
- Genie of California, a case of chuld abuse where she was never properly educated
- Both children were never able to formally speak beyond a few phrases
What does the Canada vs. China study show about how culture is socialized?
- Chinese Immigrants who arrived in Canada before 15 were more likely to identify with Canadian culture
- Chinese Immigrants who arrived in Canada between 16-30 were less likely to
- Only mediating factor is whether the culture had an established community within the other
How does age impact cultural identifcation?
Culture differences are less pronounced in youth, indicating that identify with cultural traits is socialized
What were the results of Keller’s interaction study with space?
- European infants spent most time not in contact with mother
- Other cultural groups spend most time holding infant
- Cameroonian showed no instances where a child was not being held
What were the results of Keller’s interaction study with face-to-face?
- European infants spent most face to face time
- Less time with other cultural groups
What were the conclusion on reactions to vocalization?
- Western mothers more likely to mirror infants expressions
- European babies occupy their own space
- Root of child’s ability to learn how to take turns in conversation
What is Co-Sleeping?
infants and children sleeping in the same bed or room as parents
* Not as common in western culture
What results where shown in the hypothetical sleep study?
- 88% of western parents preferred gender-split and couple seperated rooms
- 46% of Indian parents preferred split rooms for couple and children dependant on age and gender
What moral principles guide Indian parents when organizing sleeping arrangements?
- Incest Avoidance
- Protection of Vulnerable
- Female Chastity Anxiety
- Respect for Hierarchy
What is Incest Avoidance?
post-puberty family members of opposite sex should not sleep in the same room
What is Protection of the Vulnerable?
young children who are needy and vulnerable should not be left alone at night
What is Female Chastity Anxiety?
unmarried adolescent girls are vulnerable to shameful sexual activity and should be chaperoned
What is Respect for Hierarchy?
adolescent boys achieve social status by not sleeping in same room as parents or siblings
What 2 other principles are Western parents guided by when deciding sleeping arrangements?
- Sacred Couple
- Autonomy Ideal
What is Sacred Couple?
married couples should have their own space for emotional intimacy and sexual activity
What is Autonomy Ideal?
young children should sleep alone for self-reliance
What is Attachment Theory?
infants and aprents biologically prepared to establish close attachments
What is Secure Attachment?
- seek mother’s prescense
- desire to see her after leaving
- confident in exploring
What is Avoidant Attachment?
- shows little distress when gone
- Avoids mother upon return
What is Ambivalent-Anxious Attachment?
- frequent distress whether mother is present or absent
What is Disorganized Attachment?
- confused and inconsistent behavior
- Seen in victims of child abuse
T/F Some attachment styles may be seen as functional in other cultures, meaning secure attachment is not always ideal
True
What are some examples of different attachment styles expressing in different cultures?
- German attachment styles are generally more avoidant
- Israeli Kibbutz often show anxious-ambivalent
- Japan does not exhibit avoidant attachment
Why does stranger anxiety not exist in some cultures?
This pronounced cultural difference is because infants are not always raised just by their mother
What does Battle Hymn of the Tiger Mom tell us about parenting styles?
Parenting style categories may be limited to western understandings
1. Asian infants and responsiveness shown great indulgence (despite Authoritarian showing little warmth)
2. Warmth and responsiveness are communicated differently
3. Authoritarian excludes the role of training
What is Authoritarian Parenting?
little warmth with higher demands for strict rules to be followed
What is Authoritative Parenting?
warmth, child centered practice with rules, but democratic to discussion and changes
What is Permissive Parenting?
high warmth and involvement, but lack of structure or rules
What is Neglectful Parenting?
very little warmth and very little structure, often found in cases of abuse and neglect
What is the Noun Bias?
the prepoderance of nouns realtive to verbs and othe relational words
What are some linguistic differences in the Noun Bias?
Westerners
* Nouns placed at the end of the sentence
* perceive words analytically, objects as discrete and seperate
Japan
* Verbs palced at the end of the sentence
* perceive words hollistically, emphasizing relationship between them
What are the differences in The Terrible Twos in different cultures?
Westerners
* viewed at increased resistance and oppositional behavior
* Viewed as early establishment of individuality
Non-Westerners
* view it as immaturity to be learned from
* signs of noncompliance replaced by attempts to fit in and belong
* Cultural goal of interdependence are emphasized
What are some cultural differences in Adolescent Rebellion?
Westerners
* chaotic period of storm and stress, act out against authority, commit crimes, and suffer a great deal of emotional stress
* notion that adolescence is associated with violence
* individualism and modernity increased difficulties in teens
What are the 5 transition milestones to adulthood?
- Completeing School
- Leaving Home
- Becoming financially independent
- Getting married
- Having at least 1 child
What is Failure to Launch?
postponing making committments
* more individualistic, slower to take on “adult roles”
What did Luria’s study on unedcated Uzbekistan show?
- early education is crucial for the development of abstract logical thinking
- participants struggled to use taxomic categorization
- Had trouble seeing things beyond familiarity or experience
What does the Case Study in East Asian and Math Education Show us?
1) More similarities among East Asian schools
2) East Asian students performed better
3) Cultural Differences were more pronounced with age
How are teaching methods different in math education between cultures?
- 240 school day in Japan vs. 180 school day in United States
- Higher math percentage in Japan classrooms
- Asian lession include more real life examples
- Asian teachers assign more homework
How is the value of education different in math education between cultures?
- Asian parents view education as more central to children
- Asian parents more educationally involved with their kids
How are expectations in math education different between cultures?
- American patterns of satisfaction with positive performance
- Standards of Asian parents are much higher
- Asian parents focus on wrong answer
- Asian parents focus on academic shortcomings to learn from mistakes
How is language in math education different between cultures?
- Numbers are harder to learn in English
- Fewer unique words to create less errors in Japanese
- East Asians use a base to ten counting methods that is easier to use than American method
What are Messages?
when informations and meanings are exchanged
What is Encoding?
how people select, embed, and send signals to others
What are Signals?
observable behaviors carrying encoded messages in communication
What are examples of Signals?
specific sounds, languages, gestures, behavior
What are Channels?
specific sensory modes in which signals are sent and retrieved
What are examples of Channels?
Sight/visual (facial expressions, body postures, gestures)
Sound (tone, words)
What is Decoding?
process of receiving and translating signals into meaningful messages
What is Proxemics?
Interpersonal space
e.g. levels for intimacy, personal, social, and public space
What is Haptics?
Touching Behaviors
e.g. holding hands, violating space/touch have cultural consequences
What is Lexicon?
the word repertoire constructed in a language
e.g. dictionary
What is Syntax/Grammar?
rules about words and how they can be connected to make meaning
What is Phonology?
rules governing sounds in a language
What is a Phoneme?
the smallest and most basic unit of sounds in a language
What is Semantics?
the meaning of words
What is Morphology?
rules governing how words are formulated
What is Pragmatics?
rules on how language needs to be used and understood in social contexts
What is a Morpheme?
smallest unit of basic meaning in a language
What are Paralingustic Cues?
includes tone, inntonation, pitch, speech-rate, and use of silence
What is Compound Bilingualism?
When early component learners acquire multiple langagues in early age
What is Coordinate Bilingual?
Learning one language later in life, perhaps in school, and using mother tongue at home
What is Subordinate Bilingual?
Learning a second language by filtering through your own
