Chapter #5: Development & Socialization Flashcards
What is a Sensitive Period?
a period of time during development when it is relatively easy to acquire new skills
What does a sensitive period help determine?
- the ability to learn new behaviors that suit an environment
- ability to specialize in behaviors that are effective in an environment
T/F Language Acquisition is a hallmark of human development?
True
How many sounds can humans produce and recgonize?
150 phonemes
How many phonemes is usually found in a human language?
no more than 70 phonemes
T/F It is hard to recgonize phonemes not in their own language?
True
Why are infants considered universal learners?
Before the age of 8 months, infants can discriminate all phonemes
* better at learning multiple language when they’re young
* grammar and accent recognition declines with age
What do brain studies in Bilingual individuals show?
- Bilinguals who learn multiple language early in life show activation in the same region for multiple lanuages
- Bilinguals who learn a language later in life show activation in seperate brain regions for each language
What is the “Forbidden Experiment”?
- To test the importance of learning language in early life
- Experimentally raise children with no language until 15, and then try to teach them language later
What are some examples of outcomes for children who did not learn language early in life?
- The Wild Boy of Aveyron, French 12 year old who was raised in the forest; never became a functioning adult
- Genie of California, a case of chuld abuse where she was never properly educated
- Both children were never able to formally speak beyond a few phrases
What does the Canada vs. China study show about how culture is socialized?
- Chinese Immigrants who arrived in Canada before 15 were more likely to identify with Canadian culture
- Chinese Immigrants who arrived in Canada between 16-30 were less likely to
- Only mediating factor is whether the culture had an established community within the other
How does age impact cultural identifcation?
Culture differences are less pronounced in youth, indicating that identify with cultural traits is socialized
What were the results of Keller’s interaction study with space?
- European infants spent most time not in contact with mother
- Other cultural groups spend most time holding infant
- Cameroonian showed no instances where a child was not being held
What were the results of Keller’s interaction study with face-to-face?
- European infants spent most face to face time
- Less time with other cultural groups
What were the conclusion on reactions to vocalization?
- Western mothers more likely to mirror infants expressions
- European babies occupy their own space
- Root of child’s ability to learn how to take turns in conversation
What is Co-Sleeping?
infants and children sleeping in the same bed or room as parents
* Not as common in western culture
What results where shown in the hypothetical sleep study?
- 88% of western parents preferred gender-split and couple seperated rooms
- 46% of Indian parents preferred split rooms for couple and children dependant on age and gender
What moral principles guide Indian parents when organizing sleeping arrangements?
- Incest Avoidance
- Protection of Vulnerable
- Female Chastity Anxiety
- Respect for Hierarchy
What is Incest Avoidance?
post-puberty family members of opposite sex should not sleep in the same room
What is Protection of the Vulnerable?
young children who are needy and vulnerable should not be left alone at night
What is Female Chastity Anxiety?
unmarried adolescent girls are vulnerable to shameful sexual activity and should be chaperoned
What is Respect for Hierarchy?
adolescent boys achieve social status by not sleeping in same room as parents or siblings
What 2 other principles are Western parents guided by when deciding sleeping arrangements?
- Sacred Couple
- Autonomy Ideal
What is Sacred Couple?
married couples should have their own space for emotional intimacy and sexual activity
