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Psychology 1100 > Chapter 5 - Consciousness > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

What is consciousness defined as in the textbook?

A

A person’s subjective experience of the world and the mind

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2
Q

Other descriptions and definitions of Consciousness

A

alertness: being awake vs being unconscious
mental content: thoughts & imaginings
self-awareness: the ability to think about self
free will: being able to make a conscious decision

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3
Q

What is the “hard problem” about consciousness

A

nothing we know about the laws of physics explains how consciousness is produced

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4
Q

Problem of other minds

A

fundamental difficulty we have in perceiving the consciousness of others

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5
Q

Why is consciousness hard to study?

A

you cannot observe another person’s conscious experience and introspection is unreliable

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6
Q

Phenomenology

A

how things seem to a conscious person

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7
Q

Why is consciousness less important than was initially believed?

A

consciousness was once considered to

“in charge” of the mind and the primary decision maker

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8
Q

If the consciousness is not in charge of the mind then what is?

A

Much, if not most, of our mental activity is unconscious (or subconscious)

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9
Q

Why for the return of consciousness?

A

this is largely due to the rise of cognitive neuroscience and the development of techniques that allow us to examine changes in brain activity associated with conscious and unconscious processing

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10
Q

Dualism

A

some people believe that consciousness does not arise from the body

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11
Q

Descartes proposed what?

A

that the conscious “soul” controlled the brain through the pineal gland

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12
Q

what does modern researchers feel about dualism?

A

they reject the separation.

- the mind is what the brain does

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13
Q

Is there evidence that the brain can process info even without consciousness

A

examples of someone in a coma has similar brain activity when given instructions as someone who is conscious

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14
Q

default network

A

fMRI research has shown there is a widespread pattern of brain activation that is engaged when a person is conscious

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15
Q

when does default network occur?

A
  • not engaging in any task
  • engaged in a well practice task that requires little effort
  • is associated with daydreaming
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16
Q

Freud’s Dynamic unconscious

A

active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, darkest desires and a person’s inner struggle to control these forces

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17
Q

Repression

A

mental process that removes unacceptable thoughts and memories from consciousness

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18
Q

Freudian slip

A

speech errors, that supposedly reveal unconscious thoughts

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19
Q

Cognitive unconscious

A

Mental processes that give rise to a person’s thoughts, choices, and emotions, and behavior even though they are not experienced by the person (gut feeling)

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20
Q

Consciousness vs unconscious decisions

A

unconscious decisions tend to have better results than thought-through conscious ones

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21
Q

Basic properties of consciousness

A
  • intentionality
  • unity
  • selectivity
  • transience
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22
Q

Intentionality

A

being directed toward an object

- is always about something

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23
Q

Unity

A

integration of senses and thoughts

- we have one conscious

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24
Q

Selectivity

A

capacity to include some objects but not others (attention)

-consciousness is limited in capacity

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25
Q

Transience

A

tendency to change

- has been compared to a flowing river

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26
Q

Levels of consciousness

A
  • Minimal consciousness
  • Full consciousness
  • Self-consciousness
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27
Q

Minimal consciousness

A

low-level kind of sensory awareness and responsiveness that occurs when the mind inputs sensations and may output behavior

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28
Q

Full consciousness

A

consciousness in which you know and are able to report your mental state

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29
Q

Self-consciousness

A

distinct level of consciousness in which the person’s attention is drawn to the self as an object

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30
Q

Are all animals capable of self awareness

A

no, the mirror test is an example where a dog does not recognize the reflection in the mirror is itself and barks thinking its another dog

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31
Q

Circadian Rhythm

A

Sleep is part of our natural circadian rhythm. the daily cycle is controlled by one of our bodies “biological clocks” located in the suprachaismatic nucleus

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32
Q

Suprachaismatic Nucleus

A

is connected to the eye and is affected by the brightness of light

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33
Q

How does the suprachaismatic nucleus impacted by light

A

This nucleus affects alertness and sleep by causing the pineal gland to decrease melatonin production in the morning and increase production in the evening

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34
Q

During our 24 hour circadian rhythm there are many changes in our physical and mental states:

A
  • body temp: decreases before sleep
  • arousal/energy: a minimum before sleep & midday
  • changes in mental sharpness
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35
Q

peak alertness in evening (owls)

A

20 year old’s

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36
Q

peak alertness in the morning (morning birds)

A

50 year old’s

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37
Q

Amount of sleep needed by newborns

A

16 hours/day

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38
Q

amount of sleep needed by kids

A

12 hours/day

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39
Q

amount of sleep needed by young adults

A

7.5 hours/day

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40
Q

amount of sleep needed by the elderly

A

6 hours/day

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41
Q

Brain activity is measured by

A

EEG

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42
Q

We monitor brain and body activity during sleep

A

we measure muscle activity, body temp and eye movements

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43
Q

Sleep stages

A

there are distinct patterns of brain waves and muscle activity that are associated with different types of consciousness and sleep

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44
Q

The sleep cycle

A

refers to the patterns of shifting through all the sleep stages over the course of one night (we cycle through all of the stages in about 90 mins on average)

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45
Q

Beta Waves

A

brain activity slows down from generating (12 hz)

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46
Q

Alpha Waves

A

a large amplitude and slow , regular (10 hz)

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47
Q

Falling asleep - stage 1

A
  • breathing slows down
  • you may have hypnagogic hallucinations
  • brain waves change from alpha waves to NREM-1 (4.7 hz)
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48
Q

NREM Sleep stages

A

Non-rem, as time passes the brain progresses into deeper stages of sleep, (3 hz)

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49
Q

REM Sleep

A

After reaching the deepest stage of sleep the brain suddenly becomes more active
- most dreams take place during REM sleep

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50
Q

During REM sleep

A
  • heart rate rises and breathing becomes rapid
  • sleep paralysis occurs
  • genitals are aroused (w/o content of the dream)
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51
Q

Sleep paralysis

A

occurs when the brain-stem blocks the motor cortex’s messages and the muscles don’t move

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52
Q

Paradoxical sleep

A

also known as REM - brain is still active but the body is immobile

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53
Q

The longer you remain asleep -

A

the longer REM cycles become and less time is spent in deep sleep

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54
Q

Sleep deprivation

A
  • fatigue
  • impaired concentration
  • memory impairment
  • emotional irritability
  • depressed immune system
  • greater vulnerability to depression
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55
Q

Fat cells during sleep deprivation

A

increased production and greater risk of obesity

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56
Q

Joints during sleep deprivation

A

increased inflammation and arthritis

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57
Q

Muscles during sleep deprivation

A

reduced strength, slower reaction time and motor learning

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58
Q

Stomach during sleep deprivation

A

increased hunger-arousing ghrelin and decreased hunger-suppressing leptin

59
Q

Sleep Hygiene

A

Sleep health-

  • turn lights low and all screens off
  • eat earlier and drink less alcohol and caffeine
  • exercise
  • don’t check the clock (avoid pressure to sleep)
  • get help for anxiety or depression
60
Q

Insomnia

A

persistent difficulty in failing or staying asleep

61
Q

causes of insomnia

A
  • depression, anxiety or stress

- irregular sleep schedules

62
Q

Narcolepsy

A

sudden sleep attacks during waking activity

  • may collapse into REM sleep
  • can occur at any time
  • sleep may last 30 secs to 30 mins
63
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

w/o breath:

repeated awakening after breathing stops; time in bed is not restorative sleep

64
Q

Effects with sleep apnea

A

sufferer is often unaware of the frequent awakenings

  • age and weight play a factor
  • severe health hazard
65
Q

Night terrors

A

the sudden arousal from deep sleep with intense fear accompanied by psychological reactions (sweating, rapid heart rate)
- mostly affects children

66
Q

Sleepwalking and sleeptalking

A

A deep sleep disorder which is usually harmless and unrecalled the next day
- mostly affects children

67
Q

Dreaming can be distinguished from waking consciousness in several ways

A
  • Illogical thought and uncritical acceptance
  • meaningful sensation
  • intense emotion
  • difficulty remembering
68
Q

Illogical thought and uncritical acceptance

A

sudden and impossible changes are readily accepted during dreams

69
Q

Meaningful sensation

A

perpetual experiences during dreams are realistic. vision and auditory senses dominate

70
Q

Intense emotion

A

the full range of emotion is experienced

71
Q

What we dream about - negative emotional content:

A

8/10 dreams have some negative emotional content

72
Q

What we dream about - failure dreams

A

people commonly dream about failure, being attacked, pursued, rejected or bad luck

73
Q

What we dream about - sexual dreams

A

contrary to our thinking ; 1/10 in mend and 1/30 in women

74
Q

What we dream about - recent events

A

elements of events that occurred recently, especially new or unusual events

75
Q

What we dream about - sensory experience

A

incorporate some salient ongoing stimuli

e.g if the phone rings you may also dream it

76
Q

Freud’s wish fulfillment

A

Sigmund Freud suggested that dreams provide a psychic safety valve to discharge unacceptable feelings

77
Q

Manifest

A

apparent content

78
Q

Latent content

A

symbolic meanings that signify to our unacceptable feelings

79
Q

What is wrong with Freud’s theories with wish fulfillment

A
  • lacks scientific support

- easy to make up stories to explain someone’s dreams

80
Q

Across cultures a majority of people agreed with who’s theory?

A

Freudian theory that dreams come from something deep and relevant

81
Q

Activation-synthesis theory

A

REM sleep involves the stimulation of random activities in the cortex (sights, sounds, emotions, memories) by subcortical structures

82
Q

Why we need to dream

A

when deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep, we showed increased REM sleep called REM rebound

83
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

are chemicals that, when introduced into the body alter conscious experience and affect behavior
- act as neurotransmitter agonists or antagonists

84
Q

Are psychoactive drugs harmful?

A

Yes, physically and physiologically

85
Q

Physical dependence

A

the body has been altered in ways that create cravings for the drug

86
Q

Psychological dependence

A

a person feels a strong desire to use the drug even in the absence of physical dependency

87
Q

Widthdrawl

A

negative physiological and psychological consequences to the absence of a drug to which there is a dependency

88
Q

Addiction

A

is a compulsive craving for a chemical substance, despite its adverse consequences

89
Q

Addiction symptoms

A
  • tolerance
  • withdrawal
  • using more than intended
  • persistent, failed attempt to regulate use
  • much time spent preoccupied with the substance
  • important activities reduced bc of use
  • continued despite consequences
90
Q

Do addictive drugs always quickly produce addiction?

A

no, only 10 - 16% of people who try illegal drugs

91
Q

Depressants

A
  • Alcohol
  • Barbiturates
  • Opiates (narcotics)
92
Q

Alcohol

A
  • slow neural processing
  • reduced memory formation
  • alcohol myopia
  • impaired self-control
93
Q

Effects of alcohol - slow neural processing

A

reduced sympathetic nervous system activity, and slower thought and physical reactions

94
Q

Effects of alcohol - reduced memory formation

A

caused by disrupted REM sleep and reduced synapse formation

95
Q

Effects of alcohol - alcohol myopia

A

alcohol hampers attention leading people to respond in simple ways to complex situations

96
Q

Effects of alcohol - impaired self-control

A

impaired judgement, self-monitoring, and inhibition; increased accidents and aggression

97
Q

Alcohol - Expectancy Theory

A

alcohol effects can be produced by people’s expectations of how alcohol will influence them in particular situations (placebo)

98
Q

Barbiturates

A

are tranquilizers - drugs that depress central nervous system activity

99
Q

Barbiturates effects

A

reducing anxiety and inducing sleep

100
Q

Barbiturates problems

A
  • reducing memory, judgement and concentration
  • addictive
  • can lead to death if combined with alcohol
101
Q

Opiates

A

are chemicals such as morphine and heroin that are made from the opium poppy

102
Q

Opiates effects

A
  • reduce anxiety & pain
  • high doses produce euphoria
  • work at receptor sites for the bodies natural pain reducers
103
Q

Opiates problems

A

highly addictive: extreme withdrawal symptoms

104
Q

Stimulants

A

are drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

105
Q

Stimulants - physical effects

A
  • dilated pupils
  • increased breathing
  • heart rate
  • increased blood sugar
  • decreased appetite
106
Q

Examples of stimulants

A
  • caffeine
  • nicotine
  • amphetamines, methamphetamine
  • cocaine
  • ecstasy
107
Q

Caffeine effects

A

adds energy and increases alertness

108
Q

Caffeine problems

A 
disrupts sleep for 3-4 hours
- withdrawal:
headaches
irritability
fatigue
difficulty concentrating
depression
109
Q

Nicotine

A

active ingredient in cigarettes

- mild stimulant

110
Q

Effects of Nicotine

A
  1. arouses the brain to a state of alertness
  2. increases heart rate and blood pressure
  3. at high rates, relaxes muscles and triggers neurotransmitters that reduce stress
  4. reduces circulation to extremities
  5. mainly addiction
111
Q

Why people start smoking

A

people usually start smoking because it is socially rewarding

112
Q

Smoking withdrawal symptoms

A
  • insomnia
  • anxiety
  • distractibility
  • irritability
113
Q

Cocaine effects

A

blocks re-uptake (increases levels at the synapse)

  • dopamine (feels rewarding)
  • serotonin (lifts mood)
  • norepinephrine (provides energy)
  • produces euphoria for 45 minutes at least
114
Q

Cocaine after the high

A
  • euphoria crashes into a state worse than before taking the drug
  • agitation, depression and pain
115
Q

Cocaine tolerance

A

withdrawal symptoms of cocaine use get worse , and users take more just to feel normal

116
Q

Cocaine’s serious effects

A

cycles of overdose and withdrawal can sometimes bring convulsions, violence, heart attack and death

117
Q

Methamphetamine

A

Triggers the sustained release of dopamine and is very addictive and very harmful

118
Q

Meth - produces

A

euphoria and energy

119
Q

Meth - after effects

A
  • irritability
  • insomnia
  • seizures
  • hypertension
  • violence
  • depression
120
Q

Ecstasy/ MDMA

A

a synthetic stimulant that increases dopamine and greatly increases serotonin

121
Q

Ecstasy effects

A
  • euphoria
  • CNS stimulation
  • mild hallucinations
  • artificial feeling of social connectedness
122
Q

Ecstasy negative effects

A

dehydration
overheating
high blood pressure

123
Q

Ecstasy: after the high

A
  • can damaged serotonin-produced neurons
  • cause long lasting depressed mood
  • disrupted sleep and circadian rhythm
  • impaired memory and slowed thinking
  • suppressed immune system
124
Q

Hallucinogens

A

are psychedelic (mind manifesting) drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input

125
Q

LSD

A

(lysergic acid diethylamide) is powerful hallucinogenic drug that is also known as acid

126
Q

LSD effects

A
  • interferes with serotonin transmission
  • causes hallucinations
  • experiences from euphoric to panic
  • users harm themselves
  • can have emotional consequences
127
Q

THC

A

major active ingredient in marijuana that triggers a variety of effects, including mild hallucinations

128
Q

THC effects

A
  • amplifies sensations
  • disinhibits impulses
  • euphoric mood
  • impaired motor coordination, perceptual ability, and reaction time
  • affects judgment and short term memory
  • lack of ability to sense satiety
129
Q

Satiety

A

feeling of being full

130
Q

With repeated long-term use of THC

A
  • THC accumulates in the body and increasing effects of next use
  • brain shrinks overtime in areas of processing memory and emotion
  • smoke inhalation damage
131
Q

Influences on drug use

A

Biological factors
Psychological factors
Social influences

132
Q

Influences on drug use - Biological factors

A
  • dependence in relatives
  • thrill-seeking in childhood
  • genes related to alcohol sensitivity and dependence
  • easily disrupted dopamine reward system
133
Q

Influences on drug use - Psychological factors

A
  • seeking gratifications
  • depression
  • problems forming identity
  • problems assessing risks and costs
134
Q

Influences on drug use - Social influences

A
  • media glorification
  • observing peers
  • community and cultural influences
135
Q

Drug prevention and treatment

A
  • education about long-term costs
  • efforts to boost people’s self-esteem and purpose
  • attempts to modify peer associations and teaching refusal skills
136
Q

Hypnosis

A

a social interaction in which one person (hypnotist) suggests to another (the subject) that changes in their subjective experiences will occur (perceptions, feelings, thoughts or behaviors)

137
Q

Hypnosis state

A

heightened suggestibility

138
Q

Altered state of consciousness

A

experience that departs from the normal subjective experience of the world and the mind

139
Q

Hypnotic induction

A

the process by which a hypnotist leads someone into the state of heightened suggestibility

140
Q

susceptibility

A

20% of people are highly hypnotizable

- those who are able to lose themselves in fantasy

141
Q

Hypnotic effects

A 
Alter perception (the headache is fading)
Alter behavior (your arm might rise on its own)
Alter emotion (you are feeling more relaxed)
Alter or create memories (you got lost in the mall as a kid)
142
Q

Hypnosis can be beneficial

A
  • blocking awareness of pain
  • reducing obesity, anxiety, and hypertension
  • improving concentration and performance
143
Q

Hypnosis can not

A
  • work when people refuse to cooperate
  • bestow powers
  • accurately recall forgotten events (more likely to implant false recall)

Psychology 1100 (2 decks)

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