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Psychology 1100 > Chapter 3 - Genetics & Evolution > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Genetics & Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Nature

A

The effect of our genes on our psychological traits and behaviors

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2
Q

Nurture

A

The effect of experience on our psychological traits and behaviors

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3
Q

Do genes directly produce thoughts, feelings and behaviors

A

No, they build, maintain and modify the physical structure of the body

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4
Q

Can different versions of genes be associated with psychological traits or behaviors

A

Yes they can

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5
Q

When are thoughts, feelings and behaviors generated

A

When the person interacts with the environment

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6
Q

Chromosomes

A

contain DNA and are situated in the cell of the nucleus

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7
Q

How many chromosomes are in each human cell

A

46 - 23 matching pairs

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8
Q

Female chromosomes

A

XX

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9
Q

Male chromosomes

A

XY

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10
Q

Coding Genes

A

contain the instructions for the creation of proteins

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11
Q

Genome

A
  • an organism’s entire collection of genes

- set of instructions for making the organism

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12
Q

T or F - most DNA does code for proteins

A

False

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13
Q

Regulatory genes

A

activate or suppress other genes

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14
Q

Does a gene affect an organism if it is turned off?

expressed

A

No. When a gene is turned on is only when the cells starts producing the protein encoded by the gene

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15
Q

What can turn off gene expressions?

A

the environment or other genes

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16
Q

Genotype

A

the set of genes that an individual inherits

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17
Q

Phenotype

A

Observable properties of the body and behavioral traits

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18
Q

Genes are the biological basis of ?

A

Heredity

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19
Q

Heredity

A

the passing of traits to offspring from parents or ancestors

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20
Q

What contributes to human differences

A

Heredity and environment

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21
Q

Mitosis

A

When cells (other than reproductive cells) divide to create identical cells

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22
Q

Mitosis chromosomes

A

Each chromosome is duplicated exactly and the cell splits into two identical

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23
Q

Meiosis

A

reproductive cells replicate and divide many times to create non-identical cells
- cells splits into 4 cells. each w/ only 1 chromosome from each pair

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24
Q

Meiosis chromosomes

A

are duplicated and DNA is shuffled between the copies

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25
Q

Alleles

A

mutations of genes

- even a small genetic difference can lead to differences in physiology and behavior

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26
Q

Genes have a better chance of survival if

A

they are rearranged at each generation

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27
Q

Different genes can occupy the same focus and thus can potentially pair with each other

A

alleles

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28
Q

Homozygous

A

when two genes at the same location on a pair of chromosomes are the same

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29
Q

Heterozygous

A

when the two genes are not the same

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30
Q

Dominant allele

A

is one that will produce its observable effects (affect the phenotype) in either the homozygous or heterozygous condition
(only need one copy for it to have an effect)

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31
Q

Recessive allele

A

is one that will only produce its observable effects in the homozygous condition (need two copies to have an effect)

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32
Q

Mendel proposed

A

that genes comes in pairs (one from each parent) and that one can be dominant over the other

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33
Q

Can behaviors be affected by a single gene?

A

yes! e.g. fearfulness in dogs: comes from a single dominant gene

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34
Q

Polygenic characteristics

A

characteristics that are influenced by many genes. thee often vary continuously and have a normal distribution

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35
Q

Why is establishing the effect of genes very difficult?

A
  • experiments are required to establish causation
  • is isn’t practical to manipulate human genes
  • you would also need to control the environment
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36
Q

Ideals when establishing the effect of genes

A
  • a set of cloned individuals (identical twins)
  • the ability to selectively alter genes prior to embryonic development
  • complete control of the individuals environment throughout their lifespan
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37
Q

Identical twins

A

come from the same egg & same gender

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38
Q

fraternal twins

A

two eggs and can be different or same gender

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39
Q

in what ways are identical twins more alike than fraternal twins?

A
  • personally traits (e.g. extroversion)
  • sociability
  • neuroticism (emotional instability)
  • temperament (emotional excitability)
  • behaviors/outcomes such as rate of divorce
  • abilities such as overall intelligence
40
Q

T or F - Fraternal twins have more similarities even when raised separately

A

False

41
Q

Identical twins raised apart are still similar in what ways

A
  • personality, styles of thinking and relating
  • abilities/intelligence
  • interests, tastes
  • specific fears
  • brain waves, heart rate
42
Q

Epigenetics

A

gene-regulating activity that doesn’t involve changes to the DNA code and can persist throughout one or more generations

43
Q

example of epigenetics

A

DNA methylation - are not expressed (shut off)

44
Q

Do epigenetic effects make understanding the effects of genes easier?

A

no more challenging

45
Q

Selective breeding

A

modifying a specific behavior or characteristic by mating individuals with or without the specific characteristics (AKA artificial selection)

46
Q

Example of selective breeding

A

domestication of wolves into dogs
selected the most friendly wolves and fed and bred them.
- each gen became less aggressive and more social

47
Q

When is evolution easiest to see?

A

In species with short reproductive cycles and facing changing selection pressures

48
Q

given what we know about genetic inheritance ____________

A

evolution is inevitable

49
Q

Is the origin of species by means of natural selection a valid theory?

A

it is a very successful theory. it is the only theory that has been able to provide an explanation for the available data regarding evolution

50
Q

Natural selection

A

an evolutionary process through which adaptive traits are passed on to ongoing generations because these traits help animals survive and reproduce

51
Q

Darwin’s essential point in natural selection

A

individuals of a species vary in their chance of survival and the number of offspring they produce

52
Q

core concepts of the theory of natural selection

A
  • overproduction of offspring in each generation
  • variation in features or traits within each generation
  • individuals differences are inherited from one generation to the next
  • individual w/ collections of traits that fit well in the local environment are more apt to survive
53
Q

what are the two sources of the genetic variability on which natural selection

A
  • reshuffling of genes during reproduction

- mutations

54
Q

natural selection misconceptions

A

evolution is not goal driven. Organisms survive and reproduce

55
Q

Does evolution generate optimal designs?

A

no, they are designed by their ancestral environment not their current

56
Q

are humans the most evolved?

A

no! evolutionary paths are not working towards some predetermined at the end

57
Q

Are all traits from natural selection are to serve a beneficial purpose?

A

No, some are a result from chance

  • used to be useful but not anymore
  • some are side effects of other traits
58
Q

Ultimate (Distal) explanations

A

functional explanations at the evolutionary level

59
Q

Proximate explanations

A

explanations that deal with the mechanism in the immediate conditions

60
Q

Does learning play any role in the development of species-typical behaviors?

A

Yes, it plays a crucial role.

- they engage in behaviors that promote learning

61
Q

species-typical

A

every species has a certain characteristic ways of behaving

- they are products of evolution

62
Q

examples of species-typical behaviors & learning

A

walking and language acquisition in humans

63
Q

cross-species comparisons

A

comparing the ultimate causes of behavior with other animals to learn more about ourselves

64
Q

Homologies

A

similarities due to common ancestry

65
Q

why are homologies useful?

A

For studying underlying mechanisms and for tracing the evolution of species-typical behavior

66
Q

examples of homologies

A

basic mechanisms : learning and sensation.

-we can be similar to other mammals

67
Q

Analogies

A

similarities due to convergent evolution (independent evolution of similar traits)

68
Q

why are analogies useful?

A

useful for inferring distal functions

69
Q

Homologies - smiling (humans)

A

people smile in two different ways:

  1. when happy
  2. when wishing to show another person they are favorably disposed (greeting)
70
Q

Homologies - smiling (nonhuman primates)

A
  1. one laugh that is used during play

2. one that resembles a human greeting smile (used to reduce chance of being a target of aggression)

71
Q

Polygyny

A

one male + multiple females

  • males are larger in order to compete
  • e.g. elephant seals: only strongest ones mate
72
Q

polyandry

A

one female + multiple males

  • females are larger and more aggressive
  • females court males
  • e.g some birds species
73
Q

Monogamy

A

one male + one female
-both gender compete for mates
-

74
Q

Promiscuity

A

multiple mating partners within a group

  • reduces competition and conflict w/n a group
    e. g. chimpanzees
75
Q

parental investment

A

time, energy and risk to survival involved in producing,feeding and caring for offspring

76
Q

Promiscuity - parental confusion among males results in

A
  • reduced aggression towards children

- increased likelihood that paternal investment in all children

77
Q

Human mating patterns (females)

A

females invest more in child rearing

78
Q

Human mating patterns (males)

A

males typically do invest in their children.

less polygamous

79
Q

Polls : casual sex

A

male 58% and females 34%

80
Q

Polls: sex for affection

A

males 25% and females 48%

81
Q

Polls: think about sex everyday

A

males 54% and females 19%

82
Q

Mens mating preference

A

number of offspring can be increased by having multiple partners
-quantity over quality strategy

83
Q

Females mating preference

A

Multiple partners do not increase the number of offspring.

- it may reduce the amount of support provided by their mate

84
Q

Men dating preferences

A

men place relatively more emphasis on physical features

85
Q

Female dating preferences

A

women seeks partners that are loyal, mature, affluent and have social power

86
Q

Love

A

tends to create mating bonds

87
Q

jealousy

A

tends to preserve such bonds by motivating individuals to act in ways to prevent their partner from having an affair with someone else

88
Q

Men’s jealousy

A

towards sexual infidelity

89
Q

Women’s jealousy

A

towards their partner falling in love with someone else

90
Q

Evolution of helping

A

promoting another’s survival or reproduction

91
Q

Cooperation (helping)

A

helps others while also helping oneself

e.g. wolves hunting together

92
Q

Altruism (helping)

A

helping others at a net cost to oneself

93
Q

Acts of altruism make evolutionary sense if explained by which theories

A

kin selection and reciprocity

94
Q

Kin selection

A

behavior that seems to be altruistic came about through natural selection bc it helps close relatives

95
Q

Reciprocity

A

acts of apparent altruism can arise even among nonkin bc the altruism is actually a form of long-term cooperation

96
Q

Naturalistic Fallacy

A

by social Darwinists equates what is natural with what is right

  • why things are the way they are.
97
Q

Deterministic Fallacy

A

the belief that genes control behavior in ways that cannot be altered by environmental experiences or conscious decisions

Psychology 1100 (2 decks)

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