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Biology > Chapter 5 - Communicable diseases > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Communicable diseases Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is health?

A

the state of physical and mental wellbeing

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2
Q

What are communicable diseases?

A

that are spread from person to person

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3
Q

What are the 4 things communicable diseases be caused by?

A

bacteria
fungi
viruses
parasites

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4
Q

What can communicable diseases be described as?

A

contagious or infectious

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5
Q

What are 2 examples of communicable diseases?

A

measles &a malaria

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6
Q

What are non communicable diseases?

A

that cannot spread from person to person.

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7
Q

What are 2 properties of non communicable diseases?

A

last for a long time & get worse gradually

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8
Q

What are 3 examples of non communicable diseases?

A

asthma, cancer, coronary heart disease

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9
Q

What is a pathogen?

A

a microorganism that can cause a disease

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10
Q

Why do people with a weak immune system have a higher chance of suffering from communicable diseases?

A

their body is less likely to be able to defend itself against the pathogen that causes the disease

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11
Q

How could a person have a increased chance of getting liver cancer?

A

if the person has some types of hepatitis virus, it can cause long term infections in the liver, where the virus lives in the cells.

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12
Q

How can allergic reactions be triggered?

A

immune system reactions in the body caused by infection by a pathogen can sometimes trigger skin rashes or worsen symptoms of asthma

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13
Q

How can depression be triggered?

A

when someone is suffering from severe physical health problems, especially if they have an impact on the persons everyday life

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14
Q

What are 3 other factors that can affect your health?

A
  • your diet
  • stress
  • life situation: easy access to medicines? access to things prevent from getting ill?
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15
Q

Are pathogens communicable or non communicable?

A

communicable

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16
Q

What type of living organisms are affected by pathogens?

A

plants and animals

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17
Q

What are bacteria and how can they make you ill?

A

very small cells which can rapidly reproduce inside your body
by producing toxins that damage your cells and tissues

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18
Q

Are viruses cells?

A

NO

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19
Q

can virsuses reproduce rapidly?

A

hell yeah

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20
Q

How do viruses make you feel ill?

A

they live inside your cells and replicate themselves using the cells’ machinery to produce many copies of themselves. the cell will usually then burst releasing all new viruses

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21
Q

protists are _____celled ________

A

single, eukaryotics

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22
Q

What are parasites?

A

a type of protists that can live on or inside other organisms and cause them damage. They are often transferred to the organism by a vector, which doesn’t get the disease itself (e.g.: an insect that carries the protist)

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23
Q

are fungi single called or do they have bodies?

A

both

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24
Q

What is the fungi’s body made out of?

A

hyphae (thread like structure)

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25
Q

How can hyphae make you ill? (2 ways)

A

they can grow and penetrate human skin and the surface of plants, causing diseases. they can also produce spores which can spread to other plants and animals

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26
Q

What are the 3 ways pathogens can be spread?

A
  • water: drinking or bathing in dirty water (e.g.: cholera)
  • air: droplets produced by coughs or sneezes are carried in the air and can be breathed in (e.g.: influenza virus)
  • direct contact: touching contaminated surfaces, including skin or touching the same surfaces as an infected person (e.g.: athletes foot)
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27
Q

How can you grow an uncontaminated culture of microorganisms?

A

sterlise the petri dish, pour the hot agar gel, let it cool & set, then add the microorganism

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28
Q

What is a culture medium?

A

a liquid gel containing nutrients provided to the microorganisms in order to grow

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29
Q

Where can contamination come from?

A

your skin, air, soil, water around you

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30
Q

What is 1 disadvantage of growing bacteria?

A

risk that a mutation (change in DNA) will take place and produce new and dangerous pathogens

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31
Q

Why should bacterial cultures be incubated at a max. temp. of 25 degrees?

A

to reduce the likelihood of pathogens growing that might be harmful to humans

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32
Q

What factors affect bacteria growth?

A

temperature, available nutrients, oxygen levels and pH

33
Q

What are 2 ways to prevent bacteria growth?

A

raise or lower the temperature

chemicals used to stop them from growing or killing them

34
Q

What are 3 real life methods we use to prevent bacteria growth?

A
  1. disinfectant: environment around us
  2. antiseptic: human skin
  3. antibiotics: inside our bodies
35
Q

What are 4 ways to prevent or reduce the spread of diseases?

A
  1. being hygienic: washing ur hands before food or if someone sneezed
  2. destroying vectors: getting rid of organisms that spread disease= kill insects
  3. isolating infected individuals: isolate someone who has a communicable disease=prevent them from passing it on
  4. vaccination: against communicable diseases=can’t develop the infection then can’t pass it on
36
Q

What are 3 viral diseases?

A

measles, HIV/AIDS, tobacco mosaic virus

37
Q

How are measles spread?

A

droplets from an infected person’s sneeze or cough

38
Q

What are the symptoms of measles?

A

red skin rash and fever

39
Q

What can measles lead to if there are any complications?

A

pneumonia (lung infection) or encephalitis (brain infection)

40
Q

How are most people prevented from getting measles?

A

a vaccination when they are young

41
Q

How is HIV spread?

A
  • sexual contact

- exchanging bodily fluids like blood (this can happen if people share needles)

42
Q

What are the symptoms of HIV?

A

flu like symptoms (only for a few weeks) but then the person doesn’t experience any symptoms for several years. over that time, the HIV can be controlled with antiretroviral cells

43
Q

What does HIV attack? (cells)

A

immune cells

44
Q

How is HIV developed?

A

the virus attacks the immune cells and if the body’s immune system is badly damaged, it can’t cope with other infections or cancers. Now, the virus is known as AIDS

45
Q

What does the tobacco mosaic virus affect?

A

many species of plants (e.g.: tomatoes)

46
Q

What are the “symptoms” of TMV?

A

causes a mosaic pattern on the leaves of plants and parts of the leaves become discoloured. the discolouration means that the plant can’t carry out photosynthesis as well

47
Q

What is salmonella and what does is cause?

A

a type of bacteria that causes food poisoning

48
Q

What are the symptoms or salmonella?

A

fever
stomach cramps
committing
diarrhoea

49
Q

What are these symptoms caused by?

A

by the toxins that the bacteria produce

50
Q

How can you get salmonella?

A

eating food that’s contaminated with salmonella bacteria or contaminated by being prepared in unhygienic conditions

51
Q

How can salmonella be stopped (?)

A

poultry is given a vaccination to control the spread of the disease

52
Q

What is gonorrhoea?

A

a sexually transmitted disease (STD)

53
Q

How are STD’s passed on?

A

sexual contact

54
Q

What is gonerrhoea caused by?

A

bacteria

55
Q

What are symptoms of gonerrhoea?

A

paint when they urinate

thick or yellow discharge from the vagina or penis

56
Q

How is gonerrhoea treated?

A

antibiotic called penicillin but not anymore since some of the bacteria have become prone to it

57
Q

How could you prevent the spread of gonerrhoea?

A

people can be treated with antibiotics and should use barrier methods (condoms)

58
Q

What is rose black spot?

A

a fungus

59
Q

What does rose black spot cause? “symptoms”?

A

that causes purple or black spots to develop on the leaves of rose plants
leaves can fall off

60
Q

How does the “symptoms” or rose black spot affect the plant?

A

less photosynthesis can happen, so the plant doesn’t grow very well

61
Q

How is rose black spot spread?

A

the environment in water or by wind

62
Q

How can rose black spot be treated?

A

gardeners can use fungicides or strip the plants affected leaves. those leaves then need to be destroyed so it doesn’t spread

63
Q

What is malaria?

A

a disease caused by a protist

64
Q

How do mosquitos pick up the malaria?

A

when they feed or infected animals

65
Q

How is malaria spread? (mosquitoes)

A

every time the mosquito feeds on another animal, it affects it by inserting the protist into the animals blood vessel

66
Q

What are symptoms of malaria?

A

fever (frequently)

67
Q

How can malaria be stopped?

A

stopping the mosquitoes from breeding

68
Q

How can you be protected from malaria?

A

insecticides

mosquito nets

69
Q

How does the skin stop microorganisms getting in?

A

acts as a barrier to pathogens. also secretes antimicrobial substances which kill pathogens

70
Q

How does your nose stop pathogens from getting in?

A

hair and mucus trap particles that could contain pathogens

71
Q

How do the trachea and bronchi stop pathogens from entering?

A

secrete mucus to trap them and both pipes are lined with cilia, these waft the mucus up to the back of the throat where it is swallowed

72
Q

How does the stomach stop pathogens?

A

produces hydrochloride acid

73
Q

What is the most important part of the immune system?

A

white blood cells

74
Q

What do the white blood cells do to stop pathogens?

A

travel around in your blood and crawl into every part of you, constantly patrolling for microbes. when they find some, they attack

75
Q

What are antigens?

A

the unique molecules on invading pathogens surface

76
Q

What will the white blood cells do when they come across a antigen they do not recognise?

A

produce proteins called antibodies to lock onto the invading cells so that they can be found and destroyed by other white blood cells

77
Q

What happens if the person get sick with the same pathogens?

A

they WBC rapidly produce antibodies to kill it and the person becomes immune to it

78
Q

How do antitoxins protect you against diseases?

A

they counteract the toxins released by pathogens

Biology (6 decks)

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