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Biology > Chapter 4 - Organising animals and plants > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Organising animals and plants Flashcards

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1
Q

Is blood a tissue or a muscle or an organ?

A

tissue

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2
Q

What are the 4 main things in the blood?

A

red blood cells
white blood cells
plasma
platelets

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3
Q

What is the job of the red blood cells?

A

to carry oxygen from the lungs to all the cells in the body

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4
Q

What are 3 adaptations of red blood cells?

A
  • shape=bioconcave disc: larger surface area for absorbing oxygen
  • don’t have a nucleus: more room to carry oxygen
  • contain haemoglobin: binds to oxygen
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5
Q

What happens to haemoglobin in the lungs?

A

binds to oxygen to become OXYHAEMOGLOBIN.

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6
Q

What happens to haemoglobin in body tissues?

A

reverse, the oxyhaemoglobin splits up into haemoglobin and oxygen, to release oxygen to the cells

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7
Q

What is the main function of white blood cells?

A

defend against infections

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8
Q

What are the 3 things that white blood cells can do?

A
  1. change shape and destroy unwanted microorganisms: phagocytosis
  2. produce antibodies to fight microorganisms: lymphocytes
  3. form antitoxins to neutralise any toxins made by microorganisms
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9
Q

Do white blood cells have a nucleus?

A

yes

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10
Q

What do platelets do?

A

help blood to clot at a wound to stop all your blood pouring out and to stop microorganisms getting in

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11
Q

What can happen if you have a lack of platelets?

A

excessive bleeding and bruising

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12
Q

Where is plasma found?

A

in your blood

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13
Q

What is plasma?

A

a pale straw-coloured liquid which transports all of your blood cells and other substances around your body

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14
Q

What are 3 things the plasma carries?

A
  1. waste carbon dioxide produced by the cells: taken to the lungs
  2. urea formed in the liver: taken to your kidneys where it is removed from your blood to form urine
  3. small, soluble products of digestion pass into the plasma from your small intestine then are transported to the individual cells
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15
Q

What are the 3 different types of blood vessels?

A

arteries, capillaries, veins

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16
Q

What do the arteries do?

A

carry the blood AWAY from the heart

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17
Q

What do the capillaries do? (general)

A

carry the blood really close to every cells to exchange substances with them

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18
Q

What do the veins do?

A

carry the blood TO the heart

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19
Q

What are 3 adaptations of arteries?

A
  • the heart pumps the blood out at high pressure so the artery walls are strong and elastic
  • the walls are thick compared to the size of the lumen
  • they contain thick layers of muscle: make them strong & elastic fibres:allow them to stretch and spring back
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20
Q

What happens to arteries that makes them into capillaries?

A

they branch out

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21
Q

What are 2 adaptations of capillaries?

A
  • permeable walls: substances can diffuse in and out

- walls are only 1 cells thick: increases the rate of diffusion by decreasing the distance

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22
Q

What do capillaries do? (detail)

A

supply food and oxygen and take away waste like carbon dioxide

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23
Q

What happens to capillaries that makes them into veins?

A

join up

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24
Q

What are 3 adaptations of veins?

A
  • blood is pumped at a lower pressure: the walls don’t need to be as thick as artery walls
  • have bigger lumen than arteries: help the blood flow
  • have valves: help keep blood flowing in the right direction
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25
Q

Formula to calculate the rate of blood flow:

A

rate of blood flow= volume of blood ÷ number of minutes

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26
Q

What does the circulatory system do?

A

carries food and oxygen to all the cells and carries waste products to where they can leave the body

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27
Q

What is the circulatory system made up of?

A

the heart, blood vessels and blood

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28
Q

What is a double circulatory system? (easy)

A

two circuits joined together

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29
Q

What happens in the first circuit?

A

the right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs to take in oxygen, the blood then returns to the heart

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30
Q

What is deoxygenated blood?

A

blood without oxygen

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31
Q

What happens in the second circuit?

A

the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood all around the other organs of the body. the blood gives up its oxygen at the body cells and the deoxygenated blood returns to the heart to be pumped to the lungs

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32
Q

Is the heart a muscle, tissue or organ?

A

organ

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33
Q

What are the walls of the heart usually made out of?

A

muscle tissue

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34
Q

How does the heart use its 4 chambers to pump blood around?

A

Blood flows into the 2 atria from the vena cava and the pulmonary vein. The atria contract pushing the blood into the ventricles. The ventricles contract forcing the blood into the pulmonary artery and the aorta, and out of the heart.

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35
Q

How does the heart get its own supply of oxygenated blood?

A

the coronary arteries branch off the aorta and surround the heart, making sure that it gets all the oxygenated blood it needs

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36
Q

your resting heart rate is controlled by a group of ____ in the _____ _______ ___ that act as a __________.

A

cells, right atrium wall, pacemaker

37
Q

these cells produce a small _________ _______ which ________ to the surrounding _______ ____ causing them to _______

A

electric impulse, spreads, muscle cells, contract

38
Q

What is an artificial pacemaker and what does it do?

A

a little device that’s implanted under he skin and has a wire going to the heart. it’s used to control the heartbeat if the natural pacemaker cells don’t work properly.

39
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

when the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the muscle of the heart, get blocked by laters of fatty material building up. this causes the arteries to become narrow, blood flow is restricted, lack of oxygen to the heart muscle=heart attack

40
Q

What are stents and how are they used in coronary heart disease?

A

metal mesh tube that is inserted in the artery. they keep the artery open, making sure blood can pass through to the heart muscles.

41
Q

What are 2 advantages of stents?

A
  1. they are a way of lowering the risk of a heart attack in a person with coronary heart disease
  2. they are effective for a long time and the recovery time from the surgery is relatively quick
42
Q

What are 2 disadvantages of stents?

A
  1. risk of complications during the operation (e.g: heart attack) and risk of infection
  2. risk of patients developing a blood clot near the stent: thrombosis
43
Q

What is cholestrol?

A

an essential lipid your body produces and needs to function properly

44
Q

What is LDL cholestrol?

A

it’s too much of a certain type of a certain type of cholestrol

45
Q

Why is it bad to have too much LDL cholestrol in the bloodstream?

A

because it can cause fatty deposits to form inside arteries, which can lead to coronary heart disease

46
Q

What are statins and what do they do?

A

drugs that can reduce the amount of ‘bad’ cholestrol present in the bloodstream. this slows down the rate of fatty deposits forming

47
Q

What are 3 advantages of statins?

A
  1. can reduce the risk of strokes, coronary heart disease and heart attacks by reducing the amount of ‘bad’ cholestrol
  2. increase the amount of a beneficial cholestrol, HDL, in your bloodstream. HDL cholestrol can remove LDL cholestrol from the blood
  3. studies show that they may also help prevent other diseases
48
Q

What are 3 disadvantages of statins?

A
  1. are a long term drug that must be taken regularly. risk=someone could forget to take them
  2. sometimes cause negative side effect (eg: headaches) some of these can be serious (e.g.: kidney failure)
  3. effect of statin isn’t instant. takes time for their effect to kick in
49
Q

When may doctors use an artificial heart to replace a failed heart?

A

if the donor organs aren’t available or aren’t the best option

50
Q

What are artificial hearts?

A

mechanical deceives that pump blood for a person who’s heart has failed.

51
Q

How long are artificial hearts made to last?

A

only temporary, to keep a person alive until a donor heart can be found or to help a person recover by allowing the heart to rest and heal. in some cases they are used as a permanent fix

52
Q

What is an advantage of artificial hearts?

A

less likely to be rejected by the body’s immune system than a donor heart. This is because they are made from metals or plastics so the body doesn’t recognize them as ‘foreign’

53
Q

What are 4 disadvantages of artificial hearts?

A
  • the surgery can lead to bleeding and infection
  • the hearts don’t work as well as healthy natural hearts
  • parts of the heart could wear out or the electrical motor could fail
  • blood doesn’t flow through the device as smoothly which could cause blood clots and lead to strokes
54
Q

What things can cause valves in the heart to be damaged or weakened? what can they do?

A

heart attacks, infection or old age. cause the valve tissue to stiffen so it won’t open properly or a valve may become leaky slowing blood to flow in both directions which means the blood doesnt circulate as effectively.

55
Q

Where can replacement valves come from?

A

humans, other mammals (e.g.: cows or pigs) these are BIOLOGICAL valves. or they can be man made: mechanical valves

56
Q

What is a disadvantage about replacing valves?

A

fitting artificial valves is a major surgery and there can be problems with blood clots

57
Q

What is an advantage of replacing valves?

A

less drastic procedure than a whole heart transplant

58
Q

What is the pipe that you breathe through called?

A

trachea

59
Q

Where does the gas exchange take place?

A

the alveoli

60
Q

What are alveoli?

A

little air sacs

61
Q

How does gas exchange happen in the alveoli?

A
  1. blood passing next to the alveoli contains a lot of carbon dioxide and very little oxygen.
  2. oxygen diffuses out of the alveolus (high concentration) into the blood (low concentration).
  3. CO2 diffuses out of the blood (high con.) and into the alveolus (low con.) to be breathed out
  4. when the blood reaches the cells oxygen is released from the red blood cells (high con.) and diffuses into the body cells (low con.)
  5. same time, carbon dioxide diffuses out of the body cells (high con.) and into the blood (low con.) then its carried to the lungs
62
Q

Formula to calculate breathes per minute:

A

breathes per minute= number of breathes / number of minutes

63
Q

What are plant organs made up of?

A

tissues

64
Q

What are 3 examples of plant tissue? their function?

A
  1. epidermal tissue: covers the whole plant
  2. palisade mesophyll tissue: part of lead where photosynthesis happens
  3. spongy mesophyll tissue: place in leaf that has big air spaces to allow gasses to diffuse in + out of cells
65
Q

What are the other 2 examples of plant tissue? their functions?

A
  1. Xylem and Phloem: transport things like water, mineral ions and food around the plant
  2. meristem tissue: found at the growing tips of shoots and roots and is able to differentiate into lots of different types of plant cell, allowing plant to grow
66
Q

What is the leaf?

A

an organ made up of several types of tissue

67
Q

What tissue does the leaf contain?

A

epidermal, mesophyll, xylem and phloem

68
Q

How are the structures of 3 tissues that make up the leaf related to their function?

A
  1. epidermal= covered with a waxy cuticle, helps reduce water loss by evaporation
  2. upper epidermis= transparent, light can pad through to the palisade layer
  3. palisade layer= lots of chloroplasts, near top of leaf where they get most light
69
Q

How are the structures of xylem and phloem tissues related to their function?

A

xylem & phloem= form a network of vascular bundles, which deliver water & other nutrients to entire leaf + take away the glucose produced by photosynthesis. help support structure

70
Q

How are the tissues adapted for gas exchange? (2 ways)

A
  • lower epidermis=full of stomata (lil holes) which let CO2 diffuse directly into leaf
  • air spaces in spongy mesophyll increase rate of diffusion of gases
71
Q

What do phloem tubes do?

A

transport food substances (mainly dissolved sugars) made in the leaves to the rest of the plant for immediate use or for storage

72
Q

What do xylem tubes do?

A

carry water and mineral ions from the roots to the stem and leaves. the movement of water from the roots, through the xylem and out of the leaves is called the transpiration stream

73
Q

What is the structure of phloem?

A

made of columns of elongated living cells with small pores in the end walls to allow cell sap to flow through

74
Q

What is the structure of xylem?

A

made of dead cells joined end to end with no end walls begeeen them and a hole down the middle. they’re strengthened with a material called lignin

75
Q

What is transpiration and how is it caused?

A

the loss of water from the plan and it’s caused by the evaporation and diffusion of water from the plants surface.

76
Q

Where does most transpiration happen?

A

in the plants leaves

77
Q

water enters through the _____, water evaporates from the _____

A

roots, leaves

78
Q

What is a consequence of transpiration? solution? effect?

A

it causes a lack of water in the leaf so more water is drawn up from the rest of the plant through the xylem vessels to replace it. soooo more water is drawn up from the roots and there is a constant transpiration stream of water through the plant

79
Q

Why does the water escape from the leaves through the stomata by diffusion?

A

because there is more water in the plant than the air outside

80
Q

What is the opening and closing of the stomata controlled by?

A

guard cells

81
Q

What are the 4 main things the transpiration rate is affected by?

A

light intensity, temperature, air flow, humidity

82
Q

How it the transpiration rate affected by light intensity?

A

the brighter the light, the greater the rate: the stomata close when its dark, photosynthesis can’t happen in the dark, when stomata closed, very little water can escape

83
Q

How it the transpiration rate affected by temperature?

A

the warmer it is, the faster transpiration happens: when warm, water particles have more energy to evaporate and diffuse out the stomata

84
Q

How it the transpiration rate affected by air flow?

A

the stronger air flow, greater transpiration rate. good air flow = water vapor swept away, maintaining low concentration of water in the air outside leaf. diffusion then happens quickly from an area of high conc. to an area of low conc.

85
Q

How it the transpiration rate affected by humidity?

A

drier air = faster transpiration

if air humid, there’s a lot of water in it already so not much of a difference between inside and outside of leaf.

86
Q

What are 3 adaptions of guard cells?

A
  1. kidney shape which opens and closes the stomata
  2. when plant has lots is water, guard cells fills with it and go plump and turgid, makes the stomata open so gases can be exchanged for photosynthesis
  3. when plant is short of water, guard cell lose water and become flaccid making the stomata close. helps stop too much water vapor escaping
87
Q

What are the other 2 adaptations of guard cells?

A
  1. think outer walls + thickened inner walls make opening and closing work
  2. are sensitive to light & close at night to save water without losing out on photosynthesis
88
Q

How can you measure the rate of transpiration?

A

measuring the uptake of water by a plant

89
Q

Where and how is urea formed?

A

in your liver, from the breakdown of excess proteins

Biology (6 decks)

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