Chapter 5 - Communicable And Non Communicable Diseases Flashcards
Is a non communicable disease or communicable disease spread from person to person?
communicable
What is malaria spread by?
A Pathogen
What type of disease is malaria?
A communicable
What do people with malaria experience?
Repeated bouts of fever
Can malaria be passed on person by person?
NO
How does the malaria pathogen get into the mosquito?
By biting an infected human of which contains the malaria pathogen
How does a uninfected human get malaria?
By an infected mosquito biting the human and passing on the malaria pathogen
What do scientists call the mosquito because it contains the pathogen and passes it from person to person?
A vector
How do you stop mosquitoes’ from breeding?
Drain areas of still water as that is where they breed
What can you spray to kill the mosquitoes near still water?
Insecticides
How can you prevent the mosquitoes from biting humans?
By sleeping under a mosquito net
What chemicals can bacteria release? What do they do?
Toxins, they can make us feel unwell
how are communicable diseases spread?
by pathogens
what is a pathogen?
a micro organism that causes infectious disease
what 4 types or disease do pathogens carry?
bacteria, viruses, fungi and protists
What does the white blood cell detect? And where does it move?
Chemicals released from the pathogen and it moves towards it
once bacteria is in the body what does it do?
reproduces very quickly, then releases harmful chemicals called toxins
what do toxins do?
damage tissue and make us feel ill
viruses can only reproduce inside a …
host cell
what does a virus do first
invades the host cell
What is the viral disease tobacco mosaic virus (TMV)
Very widespread plant infection. Affects a number of plant species including tomatoes.
How do pathogens spread?
in the air (eg in water droplets) or directly in water or direct contact between individuals
How do we reduce the spread of pathogens?
washing our hands, clean water, use a physical barrier during sexual contact like a condom, isolate patients
What can pathogens do once inside the body?
They multiply and damage healthy tissue
What does the immune system destroy?
Pathogens and any toxins they produce
Why does the immune system protect us?
In case the same type of pathogen invades in future again
What can the immune system digest and destroy?
Pathogens
What does the white blood cell detect? And where does it move?
Chemicals released from the pathogen and it moves towards t
What does the white blood cells digest?
The pathogens
What does the word INGEST mean?
To take in
What does the white blood cells use to destroy the pathogens?
Enzymes
what is the job of the non specific defence system?
to prevent pathogens from entering the body
what does the skin do to prevent pathogens entering the body?
its a protecting layer covering the body, the outer layer consists of dead cells making it harder for pathogens to penetrate, it also produces an oily substance called sebum which kills bacteria
how does the skin react after being damaged to prevent pathogen entry?
it scabs
how is the nose adapted to prevent pathogens entering the body?
it has hairs and mucus
what do the trachea and bronchi have to stop the pathogens from the air?
tiny hairs called cilia
what does cilia do?
they are covered in mucus which can trap pathogens they then waft the mucus upwards towards the throat so it can be swallowed into the stomach
how does the stomach stop infection?
it contains hydrochloric acid which kills the pathogens before they can make their way through the digestive system
What is the whole process called of the white blood cells destroying the pathogens?
Phagocytosis
What word should you use in an exam instead of killing?
Destroying
Can viruses be killed by antibiotics?
No
Symptoms of measles
1) Fever
2) Red skin rash
3)
How is measles spread?
In droplets when an infected person sneezes or coughs. And the breathed in.
What can measles damage?
To the breathing system and the brain. Can be fatal.
Can measles be vaccinated against?
Yes, most young children have a vaccination to fight the virus.
Symptoms of HIV
1) Flu-like illness
what happens when you have HIV?
Attacks the cells of the immune system
Damaged immune system unable to fight off cancer cells.
Is HIV fatal?
Yes
Can you take drugs to not get AIDS/ HIV?
Yes, antiretrovial drugs. They are not a cure and the patient must take them for the rest of their life.
How can HIV be spread?
Transmitted through the exchange of fluids between humans.
Salmonella
Is communicable
Can be killed by antibiotics.
How is salmonella spread?
The bacteria that causes salmonella food poising are spread by ingesting infected food.
What causes the symptoms of salmonella
The bacteria secrete harmful toxins.
Symptoms of salmonella
1) Fever
2) Abdominal cramps
3) Vomiting
4) Diarrhoea
Can you prevent salmonella
Salmonella is sometimes found in poultry such a chicken. Chickens in the UK are vaccinated against salmonella. This prevents the spread.
What is gonorrhoea
Gonorrhoea is a sexually transmitted disease.
Symptoms of gonorrhoea
1) A thick, yellow/green discharge from the penis or vagina.
2) Pain when urinating
Can gonorrhoea be treated by antibiotics?
In the past gonorrhoea was treated by the antibiotic penicillin. However, due to antibiotic resistant strains of bacteria are now common.
However there are other antibiotics that work.
How to stop the spread of gonorrhoea? (1)
Using a condom during sexual intercourse stops the bacteria passing from person to person.
How to stop the spread of gonorrhoea? (2)
People who have unprotected sex should be tested for gonorrhoea.
What are antibodies?
They are protein molecules produced by white blood cells
What doe the antibodies stick to?
Pathogens
Antibodies are extremely…………….
Specific
How long can antibodies remain the the blood?
A long time
Where are anti-toxins produced?
The white blood cells
How do anti-toxins prevent toxins from damaging cells?
By sticking to the molecule
define communicable disease
a disease that can be spread from person to person via pathogens
define non communicable disease
disease that can not be spread from person to person
define health
the state of physical and mental well-being
people with what type of immune system are more likely to suffer from infectious diseases
defective immune system
why are some diseases almost harmless?
because they’re extremely common
what can some physical illnesses cause?
mental illness
What happens to plants infected by tobacco mosaic virus
Leaves start to discolour in a mosaic pattern. Rate of photosynthesis is reduced- growth of plant is reduced.
What happens to plants infected by rose black spot?
Leaves start to develop purple or black spots. Leaves often turn yellow and the fall off. Rate of photosynthesis is reduced-growth of plant is reduced.
How can rose black spot be spread?
By the wind or water.
How to prevent rose black spot?
1) Spray the infected plants with chemicals which kill fungi (fungicides)
2) Can also remove infected plants and destroy them.
