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Psych 120 > Chapter 5: Brain And Behaviour > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Brain And Behaviour Flashcards

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1
Q

Nervous system

A

CNS
PNS

-sensory connections to receptors in the skin
-motor connections to body muscles
-sensory and motor connections to internal body organs

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2
Q

Central nervous system CNS

A

Brain and spinal cord; the brain encased by the skull; the spinal cord is encased by vertebrae

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3
Q

Peripheral nervous system PNS

A

neurons and nerve processes outside CNS

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4
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Things you can control, muscles

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5
Q

Automatic nervous system

A

Breathing, digestive system

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6
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

elevates your energy, adrenaline, stress response; fight or flight, short term

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7
Q

Parasynthetic nervous system

A

calming system, allows our body to come back down from stressors (fight or flight

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8
Q

Understanding the brain

A

-Franz Gall and Phrenology ( early study of the brain)
Phrenology- the brain is divided into different regions; and each region is responsible for a different aspect of someone’s personality, the bigger the region the more influential it is. You could tell things about a persons personality based on the shape of their skull

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9
Q

Temporal lobe

A

auditory (sound) processing, language and long term memory, taste and smell *temporal and frontal, allow you to be who you are

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10
Q

Frontal lobe

A

planning , organizing, and impulse control; executive function. The origin of all motor control, ex. Hands when writing something

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11
Q

Parietal lobe

A

touch and spatial awareness(awareness of space around you and what your body is doing), brain damage to this area, causes people to have weird spatial deficits, stroke causes you to have to think all processes through

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12
Q

Occipital lobe

A

visual processing (processes visual signals) making sense of the signals

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13
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • base of the brain, involved in coordinating motor movements; damage to this causes clumsiness, you may also have speech problems
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14
Q

How many neurons in the brain

A

Approx 100 billion neurons in a healthy; all neurons are essential

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15
Q

Gyrus

A

pl. gyri) : hills (bumps on the outer part of the brain)

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16
Q

Suclus

A

pl. sulci): valley (groove on the outer part of the brain)

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17
Q

Fissure

A

deep suclus, longitudinal one divides right from left

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18
Q

Cerebral hemispheres

A

Connects by the corpus callosum (super highway of information between hemispheres

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19
Q

Orientation in the brain

A

structures toward the brains midline are medial; those located towards the side are lateral
-structures atop the brain or a structure within the brain are dorsal
-anterior is in the front; posterior is back
-structures towards the top of the brain or one of its parts are ventral

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20
Q

Anatomical orientation

A

Coronal- frontal view
Horizontal- slice the brain horizontally; view from above
Sagittal- cut the brain in half; look from the side

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21
Q

Meninges

A

three middle
Skull
Dura mater- tough papery covering
Arachnoid membrane
Pita mater- clear outer covering over the brain, closets to the surface
Subarachnoid space- looked like a spiderweb, where the cerebral spinal fluid flows CSF

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22
Q

CSF

A

circulates/produced within the central nervous system
-protective function; encases the brain and spinal cord so that they are cushioned
- waste removal system

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23
Q

Blood circulation in the brain

A

-certain elements in blood are essential for brain function ex. Oxygen
-blood brain barrier, only certain things can pass from blood to the brain cells

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24
Q

Ischemic stroke

A

blockage of blood = lack oxygen to a section of the brain, it kills brain cells in that area; disoriented, slurred speech, will be given a blood thinner

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25
Q

Hemorrhagic stroke

A
  • caused by a ruptured blood vessel or artery, making blood mix with brain cells directly; causes a immune response, in the brain attempt to save itself it can cause more damage.
26
Q

Histological

A

the brain is sectioned and sliced postmortem and neuronal loss is examined; if there is damage to the brain you can see it. Most precise way to measure brain damage

27
Q

PET scanning

A

neuro imaging, exploit the fact more blood is needed to regions of the brain that are working. Real time measure, taken while someone is doing a simple task, to see certain regions of the brain, abnormalities can be identified, radioactive tracer in blood stream

28
Q

Functional magnetic imaging fMRI

A

changes the oxygen content of the blood alter its magnetic properties; the more oxygen content in the blood, that blood is different

29
Q

Computerized tomography CT scan

A

x ray passed through the brain at many different angles creating many different images; can identify bleeding in the brain, identify tumours
Static imaging

30
Q

Magnetic response imaging MRI

A

more detailed than CT, can identify brain tissue

31
Q

Electroencephalography EEG

A

electrical activity in the brain forms different wave patterns, typically used for sleep, measuring the different stage of sleep

32
Q

Forebrain (cortex)

A

responsible for most complex behaviours; reasoning, language, what makes individuals unique

33
Q

Brian stem

A
  • source of much of our unconscious behaviours that are critical for survival; breathing ect sleep stages
34
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

Forebrain, thoughts/planning

35
Q

Pons

A

Bridge to the cerebellum, allows you to cycle through the different cycles of sleep

36
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Controls heart rate and breathing; if damaged cannot breath on own

37
Q

Reticular formation

A

Allows you to become consciously aware that you are aware, wakes you from sleep

38
Q

Midbrain: hypothalamus

A

In charge of the release of hormones; sends the signals
Ex. Sense of hunger, a hormone, stress=fight or flight, stress hormone

39
Q

Midbrain: Thalamus

A

sensory relay hub; receives a lot of sensory signals

40
Q

Midbrain: Amygdala

A

allows for emotional processing, the emotions of an experience; processing other peoples emotions, fearful experiences people respond more to fear; also forms emotional memories of an experience

41
Q

Midbrain: hippocampus

A

allows you to form long term memories

42
Q

Midbrain: basal ganglia

A

collection of structures; moderates your movements, helps refine the movements; cell loss can result in Parkinson’s, the basal ganglia allows you not to shake and to perform the movements you desire. Reward, involved in drug addiction

43
Q

Developments of the forebrain

A

-human brain retains most of the basic features of other less complex mammalian brains; brain size does not automatically make a mammal smarter, its only part of the story
-brain stem
- midbrain
-forebrain

44
Q

The smallest unit of brain function

A

Debate in early 1900s; how does the brain achieve what it does and how small does it go
-Camillo Golgi: collection of nerve fibres working in junction with each other, were the smallest unit
-Santiago Ramon y Cajal: believed you could go farther, the fibers are connected to cells, which he called neurons; needed a stain made by camillo golgi, illuminates a part of the neurons

45
Q

Neurons

A

Generate an electrical signal, signals allow us to process things

46
Q

Structure of a neuron: soma

A

Cell body

47
Q

Structure of a neuron: Nucleus

A

Contains DNA

48
Q

Structure of a neuron: Dendrites

A

Surrounded the cell body, antenna which allows the neuron to recite signals

49
Q

Structure of a neuron: Axon

A

Generates its an electrical signal
typically they only have one

50
Q

Structure of a neuron: axon terminals

A

Contains neurotransmitters which change the electrical signal to a chemical signal

51
Q

Structure of a neuron: myelin sheath

A

Covering the axon, always white, conduct a very efficient signal down to the length of the axon

52
Q

Sensory neurons

A

feeling of something against your skin ect; simplest kind of neuron

53
Q

Motor neurons

A

biggest cells bod and biggest axon, does things very fast and very efficiently, ex. in the spinal cord will connect directly to muscle fibers

54
Q

Pyramidal cells

A

a lot of signalling in the outer cortex of the brain

55
Q

Purkinje cell

A

found in the cerebellum; a lot of branching

56
Q

Interneurons

A

act like a go between, passing signals from one neuron to the next

57
Q

Glial cells

A

supportive roles for neurons; different types

58
Q

Glial cells: Astrocytes

A

reinforcement of the blood vessels and arteries so that they do not burst; actively transport to places they can be used

59
Q

Glial cells: Microglial

A

help remove different kinds of by-products and debris, caretaker cell, provide an immune response, they move in to repair damage

60
Q

Glial cells: Ependymal cells

A

produce cerebral spinal fluid
Meningitis- can be diagnosed by looking at spinal fluid
Hydrocephalus- product of too much cerebral spinal fluid; can be fatal

61
Q

Glial cells: oliogodendrocytes

A

form myelin on the axon of neurons in the central nervous system, ex. If you sever your spinal cord these cells are against that kind of regeneration, it discourages it

62
Q

Glial cells: Schwann cells

A

form myelin on the axons of the peripheral nervous system; the cell lays a path out for neurons to remake their connections ex. Finger gets cut off and re attached

Psych 120 (5 decks)

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