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Psych 120 > Chapter 2: Perspectives In Psychology > Flashcards

Chapter 2: Perspectives In Psychology Flashcards

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1
Q

Criticism of structuralism

A

Responsibility of the results on the participant, responses are not consistent
No role is given to unconscious processes
Level of awareness

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2
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Anything psychoanalytic is Freud
Filled the gaps of structuralism and functionalism
Made the first comprehensive theory of personality
Based in Vienna, Austria
Freud was the first person to advocate a form of a psychotherapy to treat disorders of the mind (psychoanalysis)
He believed that the root of all of our problems was in the unconscious mind and in order to treat people you had to gain access to the unconscious mind

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3
Q

Id

A

Fully conscious; persons unrefined thoughts and desires

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4
Q

Ego

A

Conscious and unconscious mind; to restrict all the wants and needs of the Id (limit or control)

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5
Q

Superego

A

A persons mora;s; what is right and wrong
Analogy of an iceberg: a small bit of what is happening is visible, but the majority is not visible.

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6
Q

Pleasure principle

A

Id

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7
Q

Reality principle

A

Ego

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8
Q

Example of Id, ego and superego

A

Kid and cupcakes
Id-just wants the cupcakes
Ego- no you shouldn’t do cause you could get caught ( practical control of id)
Superego-even though you could do it, you shouldn’t because you know it is wrong

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9
Q

Psychoanalytic theory

A

Unresolved conflict during childhood manifests itself as conflict in adulthood
There is a constant struggle between personal desires and socially acceptable behaviour

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10
Q

Hypnotism

A

Put into an alternate state where their unconscious mind is exposed

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11
Q

Free association

A

Just tell me words that come to mind
No conscious time to think about it means that the unconscious mind is howling itself

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12
Q

Projective tests

A

Inkblots what does the image represent to you
Answer reveals some sort of unconscious thought you have
Shows a picture and asks to tell them a story

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13
Q

Freudian slips

A

Saying something that you did not mean too

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14
Q

Dreams

A

Freud believed dreams were the road to the unconscious mind

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15
Q

Manifest content

A

What is actually happening in the dream

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16
Q

Latent content

A

Underneath the surface, tru meaning of the dream

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17
Q

Repression

A

The corner stone of all defence mechanisms because in some way it is apart of all of them. Motivated forgetting of something, active yet unconscious. It feels wrong they have them so they repress them and push them down(emotion etc.)
Ex. child suffers abuse by a parents, they repress the memories and become completely unaware as a young adult

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18
Q

Denial

A

Active forgetting; something is so terrible you make yourself forget/ignore. Something that you can’t face.
Ex.someone denies that they have an alcohol or substance use disorder because they can still function and go to work each day.

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19
Q

Projection

A

If a person has an emotion that they do not want to admit they project that feeling on to someone else saying you have it i do not.
Ex. The classroom bully who teases other children for crying but is quick to cry

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20
Q

Reaction formation

A

You feel one way but you behave in the exact opposite way because you can’t face your true feelings
Ex. A young boy bullies a girl because on a subconscious level he is attracted to her

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21
Q

Rationalization

A

Person behaves badly (you are mean and aggressive) and you rationalize it; justify your behaviour and say they deserve it
Ex. Someone who is passed over for a promotion might rationalize the disappointment by claiming that they did not want so much responsibility after all

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22
Q

Sublimation

A

When someone has an undesirable trait (they like to hurt people) and they channel it into something socially acceptable (ex.boxing

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23
Q

Displacement

A

Person has unwanted emotions they do not address it directly but take it out on others. They displace the emotions.
Ex. A person who is angry at their boss may “take out” their anger on a family member by shouting at them.

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24
Q

Alfred Adler

A

Neo-Freudian
First major follower to leave Freud
Individual psychology

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25
Q

Individual psychology

A

The striving for superiority comes from childhood because we are so helpless, we want to get away from that
A person who fails to develop a superiority complex has an inferiority complex

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26
Q

Inferiority complex

A

They never feel good enough

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27
Q

Superiority complex

A

The need to do everything and succeed at everything

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28
Q

Alfred Adler: neglected child

A

Has no stable sense of themselves, they become untrusting of people, due to being ignored as children, having too much freedom

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29
Q

Alfred Adler: pampered child

A

Parent is too overprotective (no freedom) as an adult is someone who lacks initiative, will be afraid to try new things, will become clingy in relationships because they have no sense of themselves

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30
Q

Alfred Adler: first born

A

Difficult because they are subject to pampering as a child when they are the only child, when the next child comes their spot is taken
They develop a sense of neglect and abandonment, a lack of trust

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31
Q

Alfred Adler: last born

A

Overly pampered they get attention of parents as well as older siblings
Can develop the tendencies of a pampered child

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32
Q

Alfred Adler: middle born

A

You do not get neglected or overly pampered

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33
Q

Carl jung

A

The closets of Freuds followers
More of a philosopher, travelled throughout the world
Created analytic psychology

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34
Q

Collective unconscious

A

Although all cultures are so different there are certain unconscious inherited and universal aspects that all cultures shared

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35
Q

Archetypes ( analytic psychology )

A

Symbols or concepts that are shared in different cultures; universal human aspect of all personalities
Ex. Anima and Animus, each person has a female half and a male half

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36
Q

Karen Hornet

A

Established her own psychoanalytic institute in the U.S.psychological neurosis which developed in interpersonal relationships
Developed from childhood

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37
Q

Moving toward people (Karen Hornet)

A

In a interpersonal relationship, would be very dependent, clingy and have a fear of being abandoned
Very unstable because they require too much from their partner

38
Q

Moving away from people (Karen Hornet)

A

Tend to be quite distant from people it is hard to get close to them, it would be uncomfortable to be close to someone like this

39
Q

Moving against people (Karen Hornet)

A

Nowadays would be considered a psychopath
Charming but it is all fake they are contains lot using people they do not care about people

40
Q

Freud and Neo-Freudian criticism: empirical standards

A

Forms of testing were not strong
A lot of Freuds evidence came from case studies (one person) all of it was anecdotal evidence

41
Q

Freud and Neo-Freudian criticism: Anecdotal evidence

A

You’ve heard it before, so you are biased

42
Q

Freud and Neo-Freudian criticism: falsifiability

A

You have to be able to test them to show they are fake

43
Q

Why go to behaviourist theories ?

A

Making psychology a measurable science again
Actions speak louder than words

44
Q

The study of behaviour

A

Measurable (observable)
Predictable
Changeable

45
Q

Ivan Pavlove

A

Classical conditioning on darts
Learned associations between behaviour and reward( when the man who is supposed to feed the dogs goes in the dogs begin to salivate)
Control and predict behaviour through control of environmental cues

46
Q

John Watson

A

The driving force in promoting behaviourism in North America
Reorientation of psychology as a science of observable behaviour only
Examination of a persons internal thoughts is prone to bias and error
Subject reality vs. Object reality

47
Q

Behaviourism

A

More advanced behaviour could be changed through conditioning; conditioned emotional responses
Once you understand behaviour you can control and create them
Watson was able to records these expirements

48
Q

Little Albert experiment

A

little Albert was an infant that Watson used to created conditioned responses. He would present him with various kind of stimuli, rabbit, would allow his to reach out an play with the rat, and a white rat which he would also reach out and touch; he was not afraid. Watson wanted to create a conditioned response to the rat, next time he presented the rat, when it got close to him he would create. Aloud noise which would upset him, and he would start to cry. After doing this a few times, the rat would be presented to Albert, and he then associated the rat with the sound, and would begin to cry in the presence of the rat.

49
Q

Watson post behaviourism

A

Left academia and went into advertising
Ads between a product and a desired emotion

50
Q

B.F Skinner

A

More productive and disciplined researcher than Watson
Behaviour is shaped by environmental consequences
Operant conditioning
Schedules of reinforcement

51
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Behaviour could be shaped/changed based on the consequences of what a person does
If you reward a behaviour it will continue
If you do not reward a behaviour or you punish it that behaviour will stop

52
Q

Schedules of reinforcement

A

When do you reward behaviour

53
Q

Operant conditioning and gambling

A

The reward will come but you cannot predict it, it becomes addictive

54
Q

Behaviourism criticism

A

Good at explaining behaviours and gambling
Skinner thought it cold explain all, when it could not
Very dominate form of psychology at the time, but how does it explain anxiety and mental disorders

55
Q

Counter-reaction to Freudian theories

A

Slaves to our unconscious urges and desires (as if we do not control)

56
Q

Counter-reaction behaviourism

A

Slaves to our environment (not in control of our lives because we are constantly being shaped by the environment)

57
Q

Humanism

A

The unique personal experience of being human
People reach their potential through greater self-awareness and understanding
Beginning of clinical psychology

58
Q

Abraham Maslow

A

Was a behaviourist, worked with monkeys but was more interested in human experiences

59
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

A rich life is one where a person reaches their full potential
Satisfying needs arranged in hierarchy from basic survival to deeply personal
Goal to realize your true self “self-actualization”
Must satisfy the lower levels before the higher ones

60
Q

Deficiency needs

A

You are able to satisfy them
Physiological and safety (bottom two)

61
Q

Growth needs

A

You never satisfy them; you are constantly striving for them
From striving for these you get a sense of respect and good reputation
Belongingness, esteem and self-actualization

62
Q

Physiological

A

Hunger, thirst, warmth, sleep

63
Q

Safety

A

Security, protection, freedom from threats

64
Q

Belonging and love

A

Acceptance and friendship

65
Q

Esteem

A

Good self-opinion, accomplishments, reputation

66
Q

Self-actualization

A

Living up to full potential, achieving personal dreams and aspirations
Believed most people wont achieve this

67
Q

Carl rogers

A

Personal responsibility for our actions and growth through self-knowledge/self-awareness

68
Q

Phenomenological

A

I want to know about your personal expriences

69
Q

Humanism: Carl rogers

A

Faced early failures as a therapist
Making decisions for others; instead clients should arrive at their own decisions, his role should be as a guide

70
Q

Person-cantered therapy (Carl Rogers)

A

Unconditional positive regard: clients should be able to disclose their personal thoughts in a non-judgemental setting

71
Q

Reflection (Carl Rogers person-centeredtherapy)

A

Role of therapist is to guide client toward self-awareness; client would talk and he would reflect what they are hearing back at them, so they are able to agree or change their thought

72
Q

Self-concept (carl rogers)

A

Personality consists of only one construct, how they view themselves

73
Q

Congruence (self-concept carl rogers)

A

If others view you the same as your self-concept

74
Q

Incongruence ( self-concept carl rogers)

A

If you think you are one way but the way others view you is different

75
Q

Subception (carl rogers)

A

When we receive information that goes against our self-concept

76
Q

Distortion (carl rogers)

A

People will try to minimizes this information or rationalize it

77
Q

Disorganization (carl rogers )

A

When a person hears a lot of information that doesn’t match who they think they are; they are in a state of disorganization, it causes anxiety

78
Q

Four main elements of Humanism

A

Personal responsibility
Here and now
Personal experience
Personal growth

79
Q

Personal responsibility (humanism)

A

You are in control of your own life, because you can always control what you do

80
Q

Personal experience (humanism)

A

A persons personal experience can change who they are

81
Q

Personal growth (humanism)

A

People are constantly growing and changing who they are

82
Q

Humanist approach to psychology

A

Is very appealing
Foundation of modern counselling
Group therapy

83
Q

The cognitive revolution

A

Disillusioned behavioural psychologist start to question behaviourist theory
Started buy people who were only observing observable behaviour; they want to know what is going on inside the mind, how memory works and how decision making works

84
Q

Cognitive psychology

A

Concerned with mental functions based on how on how we think remember and make decisions

85
Q

Ulric Neisser

A

Developed information processing theory
Sensory signals- early processing- deeper processing
What he wanted to do: understand how these thought processes work, take them from simple leave to a more complex level

86
Q

Modern psychology: social psychology

A

Interested in “social cognition”; how do people across situations
Ex. Helping behaviour, when do people offer help and when do they not (what are people motivated by; is it self motivated)

87
Q

Modern psychology: clinical psychology

A

Addresses pseudo logical struggles of children and adults
Catered on counselling and therapy-diagnosing, understanding and solving problems
Ex. Attention deficient disorder, treated through medication

88
Q

Modern psychology: developmental psychology

A

How thinking changes as we age- typically involves children and infants
Ex. Language development, delay in language, delay in reading ability

89
Q

Modern psychology: neuropsychology/neuroscience

A

Interested in brain processes in pathological conditions (when there are problems with the brain functions)
Ex. Alzheimer’s disease (try to understand why it is happening, and try to find solutions)
Involves animal research

90
Q

Cognitive psychology- mental processes that the mind creates

A

Sensations and perception
Attention processes
Memory ( short and long term)
Thinking and reasoning

91
Q

Modern psychology

A

The “mind” is a product of brain functioning; under[ins all thought and behaviour most disciplines employ versions of techniques used in the past
Self report- ask a person how they feel about a subject/ what they think
Unconscious behaviour (behaviour is still a reliable measure)
Nature vs. Nurture - recognizes the interaction of both ex. Human speech

Psych 120 (5 decks)

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