Chapter 2: Perspectives In Psychology Flashcards
Criticism of structuralism
Responsibility of the results on the participant, responses are not consistent
No role is given to unconscious processes
Level of awareness
Sigmund Freud
Anything psychoanalytic is Freud
Filled the gaps of structuralism and functionalism
Made the first comprehensive theory of personality
Based in Vienna, Austria
Freud was the first person to advocate a form of a psychotherapy to treat disorders of the mind (psychoanalysis)
He believed that the root of all of our problems was in the unconscious mind and in order to treat people you had to gain access to the unconscious mind
Id
Fully conscious; persons unrefined thoughts and desires
Ego
Conscious and unconscious mind; to restrict all the wants and needs of the Id (limit or control)
Superego
A persons mora;s; what is right and wrong
Analogy of an iceberg: a small bit of what is happening is visible, but the majority is not visible.
Pleasure principle
Id
Reality principle
Ego
Example of Id, ego and superego
Kid and cupcakes
Id-just wants the cupcakes
Ego- no you shouldn’t do cause you could get caught ( practical control of id)
Superego-even though you could do it, you shouldn’t because you know it is wrong
Psychoanalytic theory
Unresolved conflict during childhood manifests itself as conflict in adulthood
There is a constant struggle between personal desires and socially acceptable behaviour
Hypnotism
Put into an alternate state where their unconscious mind is exposed
Free association
Just tell me words that come to mind
No conscious time to think about it means that the unconscious mind is howling itself
Projective tests
Inkblots what does the image represent to you
Answer reveals some sort of unconscious thought you have
Shows a picture and asks to tell them a story
Freudian slips
Saying something that you did not mean too
Dreams
Freud believed dreams were the road to the unconscious mind
Manifest content
What is actually happening in the dream
Latent content
Underneath the surface, tru meaning of the dream
Repression
The corner stone of all defence mechanisms because in some way it is apart of all of them. Motivated forgetting of something, active yet unconscious. It feels wrong they have them so they repress them and push them down(emotion etc.)
Ex. child suffers abuse by a parents, they repress the memories and become completely unaware as a young adult
Denial
Active forgetting; something is so terrible you make yourself forget/ignore. Something that you can’t face.
Ex.someone denies that they have an alcohol or substance use disorder because they can still function and go to work each day.
Projection
If a person has an emotion that they do not want to admit they project that feeling on to someone else saying you have it i do not.
Ex. The classroom bully who teases other children for crying but is quick to cry
Reaction formation
You feel one way but you behave in the exact opposite way because you can’t face your true feelings
Ex. A young boy bullies a girl because on a subconscious level he is attracted to her
Rationalization
Person behaves badly (you are mean and aggressive) and you rationalize it; justify your behaviour and say they deserve it
Ex. Someone who is passed over for a promotion might rationalize the disappointment by claiming that they did not want so much responsibility after all
Sublimation
When someone has an undesirable trait (they like to hurt people) and they channel it into something socially acceptable (ex.boxing
Displacement
Person has unwanted emotions they do not address it directly but take it out on others. They displace the emotions.
Ex. A person who is angry at their boss may “take out” their anger on a family member by shouting at them.
Alfred Adler
Neo-Freudian
First major follower to leave Freud
Individual psychology
Individual psychology
The striving for superiority comes from childhood because we are so helpless, we want to get away from that
A person who fails to develop a superiority complex has an inferiority complex
Inferiority complex
They never feel good enough
Superiority complex
The need to do everything and succeed at everything
Alfred Adler: neglected child
Has no stable sense of themselves, they become untrusting of people, due to being ignored as children, having too much freedom
Alfred Adler: pampered child
Parent is too overprotective (no freedom) as an adult is someone who lacks initiative, will be afraid to try new things, will become clingy in relationships because they have no sense of themselves
Alfred Adler: first born
Difficult because they are subject to pampering as a child when they are the only child, when the next child comes their spot is taken
They develop a sense of neglect and abandonment, a lack of trust
Alfred Adler: last born
Overly pampered they get attention of parents as well as older siblings
Can develop the tendencies of a pampered child
Alfred Adler: middle born
You do not get neglected or overly pampered
Carl jung
The closets of Freuds followers
More of a philosopher, travelled throughout the world
Created analytic psychology
Collective unconscious
Although all cultures are so different there are certain unconscious inherited and universal aspects that all cultures shared
Archetypes ( analytic psychology )
Symbols or concepts that are shared in different cultures; universal human aspect of all personalities
Ex. Anima and Animus, each person has a female half and a male half
Karen Hornet
Established her own psychoanalytic institute in the U.S.psychological neurosis which developed in interpersonal relationships
Developed from childhood
Moving toward people (Karen Hornet)
In a interpersonal relationship, would be very dependent, clingy and have a fear of being abandoned
Very unstable because they require too much from their partner
Moving away from people (Karen Hornet)
Tend to be quite distant from people it is hard to get close to them, it would be uncomfortable to be close to someone like this
Moving against people (Karen Hornet)
Nowadays would be considered a psychopath
Charming but it is all fake they are contains lot using people they do not care about people
Freud and Neo-Freudian criticism: empirical standards
Forms of testing were not strong
A lot of Freuds evidence came from case studies (one person) all of it was anecdotal evidence
Freud and Neo-Freudian criticism: Anecdotal evidence
You’ve heard it before, so you are biased
Freud and Neo-Freudian criticism: falsifiability
You have to be able to test them to show they are fake
Why go to behaviourist theories ?
Making psychology a measurable science again
Actions speak louder than words
The study of behaviour
Measurable (observable)
Predictable
Changeable
Ivan Pavlove
Classical conditioning on darts
Learned associations between behaviour and reward( when the man who is supposed to feed the dogs goes in the dogs begin to salivate)
Control and predict behaviour through control of environmental cues
John Watson
The driving force in promoting behaviourism in North America
Reorientation of psychology as a science of observable behaviour only
Examination of a persons internal thoughts is prone to bias and error
Subject reality vs. Object reality
Behaviourism
More advanced behaviour could be changed through conditioning; conditioned emotional responses
Once you understand behaviour you can control and create them
Watson was able to records these expirements
Little Albert experiment
little Albert was an infant that Watson used to created conditioned responses. He would present him with various kind of stimuli, rabbit, would allow his to reach out an play with the rat, and a white rat which he would also reach out and touch; he was not afraid. Watson wanted to create a conditioned response to the rat, next time he presented the rat, when it got close to him he would create. Aloud noise which would upset him, and he would start to cry. After doing this a few times, the rat would be presented to Albert, and he then associated the rat with the sound, and would begin to cry in the presence of the rat.
Watson post behaviourism
Left academia and went into advertising
Ads between a product and a desired emotion
B.F Skinner
More productive and disciplined researcher than Watson
Behaviour is shaped by environmental consequences
Operant conditioning
Schedules of reinforcement
Operant conditioning
Behaviour could be shaped/changed based on the consequences of what a person does
If you reward a behaviour it will continue
If you do not reward a behaviour or you punish it that behaviour will stop
Schedules of reinforcement
When do you reward behaviour
Operant conditioning and gambling
The reward will come but you cannot predict it, it becomes addictive
Behaviourism criticism
Good at explaining behaviours and gambling
Skinner thought it cold explain all, when it could not
Very dominate form of psychology at the time, but how does it explain anxiety and mental disorders
Counter-reaction to Freudian theories
Slaves to our unconscious urges and desires (as if we do not control)
Counter-reaction behaviourism
Slaves to our environment (not in control of our lives because we are constantly being shaped by the environment)
Humanism
The unique personal experience of being human
People reach their potential through greater self-awareness and understanding
Beginning of clinical psychology
Abraham Maslow
Was a behaviourist, worked with monkeys but was more interested in human experiences
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
A rich life is one where a person reaches their full potential
Satisfying needs arranged in hierarchy from basic survival to deeply personal
Goal to realize your true self “self-actualization”
Must satisfy the lower levels before the higher ones
Deficiency needs
You are able to satisfy them
Physiological and safety (bottom two)
Growth needs
You never satisfy them; you are constantly striving for them
From striving for these you get a sense of respect and good reputation
Belongingness, esteem and self-actualization
Physiological
Hunger, thirst, warmth, sleep
Safety
Security, protection, freedom from threats
Belonging and love
Acceptance and friendship
Esteem
Good self-opinion, accomplishments, reputation
Self-actualization
Living up to full potential, achieving personal dreams and aspirations
Believed most people wont achieve this
Carl rogers
Personal responsibility for our actions and growth through self-knowledge/self-awareness
Phenomenological
I want to know about your personal expriences
Humanism: Carl rogers
Faced early failures as a therapist
Making decisions for others; instead clients should arrive at their own decisions, his role should be as a guide
Person-cantered therapy (Carl Rogers)
Unconditional positive regard: clients should be able to disclose their personal thoughts in a non-judgemental setting
Reflection (Carl Rogers person-centeredtherapy)
Role of therapist is to guide client toward self-awareness; client would talk and he would reflect what they are hearing back at them, so they are able to agree or change their thought
Self-concept (carl rogers)
Personality consists of only one construct, how they view themselves
Congruence (self-concept carl rogers)
If others view you the same as your self-concept
Incongruence ( self-concept carl rogers)
If you think you are one way but the way others view you is different
Subception (carl rogers)
When we receive information that goes against our self-concept
Distortion (carl rogers)
People will try to minimizes this information or rationalize it
Disorganization (carl rogers )
When a person hears a lot of information that doesn’t match who they think they are; they are in a state of disorganization, it causes anxiety
Four main elements of Humanism
Personal responsibility
Here and now
Personal experience
Personal growth
Personal responsibility (humanism)
You are in control of your own life, because you can always control what you do
Personal experience (humanism)
A persons personal experience can change who they are
Personal growth (humanism)
People are constantly growing and changing who they are
Humanist approach to psychology
Is very appealing
Foundation of modern counselling
Group therapy
The cognitive revolution
Disillusioned behavioural psychologist start to question behaviourist theory
Started buy people who were only observing observable behaviour; they want to know what is going on inside the mind, how memory works and how decision making works
Cognitive psychology
Concerned with mental functions based on how on how we think remember and make decisions
Ulric Neisser
Developed information processing theory
Sensory signals- early processing- deeper processing
What he wanted to do: understand how these thought processes work, take them from simple leave to a more complex level
Modern psychology: social psychology
Interested in “social cognition”; how do people across situations
Ex. Helping behaviour, when do people offer help and when do they not (what are people motivated by; is it self motivated)
Modern psychology: clinical psychology
Addresses pseudo logical struggles of children and adults
Catered on counselling and therapy-diagnosing, understanding and solving problems
Ex. Attention deficient disorder, treated through medication
Modern psychology: developmental psychology
How thinking changes as we age- typically involves children and infants
Ex. Language development, delay in language, delay in reading ability
Modern psychology: neuropsychology/neuroscience
Interested in brain processes in pathological conditions (when there are problems with the brain functions)
Ex. Alzheimer’s disease (try to understand why it is happening, and try to find solutions)
Involves animal research
Cognitive psychology- mental processes that the mind creates
Sensations and perception
Attention processes
Memory ( short and long term)
Thinking and reasoning
Modern psychology
The “mind” is a product of brain functioning; under[ins all thought and behaviour most disciplines employ versions of techniques used in the past
Self report- ask a person how they feel about a subject/ what they think
Unconscious behaviour (behaviour is still a reliable measure)
Nature vs. Nurture - recognizes the interaction of both ex. Human speech
