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bio 202 > chapter 5: biological molecules > Flashcards

chapter 5: biological molecules Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what are the four classes of biological molecules?

A

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleus acids

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2
Q

polymerization

A

small subunits attach to each other causing a growth

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3
Q

dehydration reaction

A

removing water to form a bond

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4
Q

hydrolysis

A

adding water to break bonds

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5
Q

macromolecules

A

large carbohydrates, proteins, nucleus acid

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6
Q

polymer

A

long molecule having monomers linked via covalent bonding

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7
Q

monomers

A

building blocks of polymers

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8
Q

carbohydrate

A

sugars and polymers of sugars

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9
Q

monosaccharide

A

molecular formulas of CH2O
for ex. glucose (C6H12O6) as well as simple sugars like fructose and galactose

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10
Q

what is the difference between aldoses and ketoses

A

aldoses have their carbonyl group at the end (terminals) while ketoses have carbonyl group in the middle

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11
Q

what is the difference between a-glucose and b-glucose?

A

a-glucose has hydroxide group below while b-glucose has it above

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12
Q

disaccharide

A

2 monosaccharides joined by glycosidic linkage (hydroxyl groups interact with each other via covalent bonding)
for ex. double sugars like sucrose (glucose + fructose) and lactose (glucose + galactose)

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13
Q

polysaccharides

A

polymers of sugars that can act as storage or building materials
for ex. starch for plants or glycogen for animals (liver) in terms of energy storage
cellulose in terms of building material

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14
Q

what are the traits of polymers of a-glucose?

A

a-glucose are not straight and are wavy with all the oxygens pointing downwards. this causes polymers to be unstable and temporary energy storage for when the plants and animals need the energy and the stored glucose will be released.

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15
Q

what are the traits of polymers of b-glucose?

A

the orientation of b-glucose is straight and oxygens alternate up and down allowing a rigid structure that is stable allowing cellulose to be building material for plants and chitin for arthopods to build exoskeletons

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16
Q

adipose cells

A

stores far and shrunk and swell as storage is used and kept. provides cushioning for organs

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17
Q

lipids

A

hydrophobic and non polar and are not true polymers bc they are not big enough to be macromolecules

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18
Q

what are the diff between unsaturated and saturated

A

saturated are straight with no double bonds while unsaturated have kinks via double bonds that causes them to be more rigid

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19
Q

what is a fat?

A

fats are composed of one glycerol and 3 fatty acids. the fatty acids are joined to the glycerol via dehydration reaction and ester linkage (bond b/w hydroxyl and carboxyl)

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20
Q

saturated fatty acid

A

straight, single bonds, solid at room temp and interacts with other molecules

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21
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

double bonds, kink formed from cis formation and prevents the fatty acids from tightly packing so it’s more fluid and liquid at room temp

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22
Q

hydrogenation

A

converts unsaturated to saturated by adding hydrogen which makes it more packed and less fluid

23
Q

where does omega-3 and omega-6 come from?

A

a double bond carbon starting at the 3rd/6th carbon

24
Q

phospholipid

A

two fatty acids and phosphate group attached to glycerol. tails are hydrophobic (points inwards) and head is hydrophilic (points outwards towards aqueous cytoplasmic solution)

25
Q

steroids

A

polar hydroxyl and non polar hydrocarbon on the ends (amphipathic) they control hormones and behaviors and hormones r derived from cholesterol

26
Q

cholesterol

A

insoluble and non polar and is produced by liver in animals. they also hold lipid tails when it’s warm and pulls them apart in cool temp

27
Q

proteins

A

made up of amino acid monomers

28
Q

enzymatic proteins

A

catalyze reactions to make/break bonds

29
Q

defensive proteins

A

protects against diseases and have to have a specific binding site

30
Q

storage proteins

A

storing of amino acids

31
Q

transport proteins

A

transports substances around the cell

32
Q

hormonal proteins

A

coordinated activities of organisms

33
Q

receptor proteins

A

creates structures like nails and hair as a response of chemical stimuli

34
Q

contractile and motor proteins

A

initiates movements

35
Q

structural proteins

A

supports

36
Q

r-group

A

always differs and determines whether amino acid is polar/nonpolar/charged

37
Q

peptide bond

A

formed between carboxyl and amino groups with an amino terminus (N-group) and carboxyl terminus (C-group)

38
Q

primary structure

A

the sequence of AA and makes up proteins that then creates the unique properties

39
Q

secondary structure

A

starts the folding of those amino acids as either alpha/beta and DOESNT depend on the r-group only h-bonds (beta-plated sheets or alpha helix)

40
Q

difference between b sheet and a helix?

A

b sheets are proteins that are folded into straight sheets while alpha are more coiled

41
Q

tertiary structure

A

forms the overall shape as a result of 4 bonds interactions (ionic/h-bond/nonpolar/covalent) depends on the r-group and what it interacts with

42
Q

quaternary protein structure

A

more than one polypeptide chain and is the overall structure found within cells

43
Q

denaturation

A

loss of the normal shape of a protein due to unnatural physical/chemical changes such as pH, salt concentrate, temp, etc. this can lead to sickle cell disease

44
Q

nucleic acid

A

polymers made up of nucleotide monomers

45
Q

dna va rna

A

dna is deoxyribonycleic acids that directs complex structures and functions of cells and is double helix while rna is single strand with A+U and makes proteins serving as enzymes dependent on dna to make cellular components

46
Q

gene expression

A

flow of genetic information from DNA leading to synthesis of mRNA that goes to ribosome in cytoplasm and that ribosome makes the proteins based on the instructions sent to it

47
Q

nucleotides

A

made up of nitrogenous base, 5 carbon sugar, and phosphate group

48
Q

difference between ribose and deoxyribose sugars

A

ribose had hydroxide while deoxyribose loses that oxygen causing an increase of stability

49
Q

pyramidine

A

cytosine, thymine, uracil and single ring

50
Q

purines

A

guanine and adenine double ring

51
Q

DNA bases has

A

A/G/C

52
Q

RNA bases have

A

U/T

53
Q

phosphodiester linkage

A

when the 5’ end of one nucleotide bonds with the 3’ end of another
(5’ = carbon and 3’ = hydroxyl)

54
Q

what bases bonds with what

A

adenine with thymine, guanine with cytosine but in RNA uracil and adenine binds

bio 202 (5 decks)

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