Chapter 5: Audition

Question 1

What is loudness?

Answer 1

function of sound wave intensity

Question 2

What is pitch?

Answer 2

frequency of vibration measured in hertz

Question 3

What is timbre?

Answer 3

Provision of information about nature or complexity of sound

Question 4

What are the 3 parts of the ear containing the eardrum, and hollow space?

Answer 4

1. tympanic membrane
2. middle ear
3. ossicles

Question 5

What are the 3 parts of the middle ear?

Answer 5

malleus, incus and stapes

Question 6

What are the parts of the inner ear?

Answer 6

Cochlea and oval window

Question 7

What does the oval window do?

Answer 7

Transmits sound vibrations into fluid in cochlea

Question 8

What does the organ of corti do and what does it contain?

Answer 8

• contains auditory hair cells

- sensory organ of cochlea

Question 9

Sound waves causes what to move relative to tectorial membrane?

Answer 9

basilar membrane

Question 10

What bends cilia of hair cells?

Answer 10

Tectorial membrane

Question 11

What do hair cells do?

Answer 11

Auditory receptor cells of the auditory apparatus

Question 12

Describe the movements of the cilia

Answer 12

• Deflections of the stereocilia in direction of the tallest leads to increase of rate of opening of ion channels, depolarization and excitation of cochlear nerve afferents
• Deflections in opposite direction causes transduction channels to close

Question 13

Describe place coding (cochlea detects frquency with this).

Answer 13

• Moderate to high frequency

- Information coded by different locations on basilar membrane

Question 14

Describe rate coding (cochlea detects frequency with this).

Answer 14

• Low frequencies

- information coded by rate of action potentials

Question 15

What is the pathway of hearing?

Answer 15

1. axons enter cochlear nucleus
2. neurons send axons to superior olivary complex
3. information passes through lateral lemniscus
4. to the inferior colliculus
5. medial geniculate nucleus
6. auditory cortex

Question 16

What is the tonotopic representation?

Answer 16

• Relationship between cortex and basilar membrane

- mapping of different frequencies of sound that’re represented in particular region of brain

Question 17

What is called the loss or impairment of musical abilities?

Answer 17

amusia

Question 18

How can music therapy help with a strong beat?

Answer 18

Stimulate brainwaves to synch bringing sharper concentration and more alert thinking

Question 19

How can music therapy help with a slower tempo?

Answer 19

Promote calm meditative state

Question 20

What are positive effects of music therapy (3)?

Answer 20

1. breathing and hate rate can be altered
2. bring a positive state of mind
3. lower blood pressure, boost immunity, ease muscle tension, ect.

Question 21

2 benefits of music therapy for language and speech with clients with brain injury.

Answer 21

1. singing for people who can’t talk

2. works on breath control and timing of speech

Question 22

2 benefits of music therapy for memory/cognitive issues with clients with brain injury.

Answer 22

1. sequencing and memory

2. reminisce (those with memory loss)