chapter 5 Flashcards
1
Q
where do animals get food from ?
A
organisms such as plant and animal
2
Q
what is a diet
A
diet contains all nutrient in the correct amount and proportion
3
Q
energy needed depends on
A
age, gender, job
4
Q
nutrients include…
A
carbohydrates, protein, vitamin, mineral, fat, water, fiber
5
Q
what are vitamins
A
organic substances that needed to be consumed in tiny amount
6
Q
vitamin c deficiency
A
scurvy
7
Q
scurvy causes
A
pain in joints and muscles, bleeding from gum and other places
8
Q
source of vit c
A
citric fruit
raw vegetable
9
Q
why is vit c needed
A
make stretchy protein collagen and keep tissues in good repair
10
Q
vit d deficiency
A
rickets and bone become soft and deformed
11
Q
vit d sources
A
butter, egg yolk, can be made in skin when sunlight falls on it.
12
Q
why is vit d needed ?
A
help calcium to be absorbed and make bones and teeth
13
Q
what are minerals
A
organic substances needed in tiny amounts
14
Q
type of minerals..
A
calcium and iron
15
Q
calcium deficiency
A
brittle bones and teeth, and poor blood clotting
16
Q
sources if calcium
A
milk, dairy products and bread
17
Q
why is calcium needed ?
A
for bones, teeth and blood clotting
18
Q
iron deficiency
A
anemia where there is not enough blood cell to carry oxygen
19
Q
sources of iron
A
liver, red meat, egg yolk, dark green vegetable
20
Q
why is iron needed
A
to make haemoglobin
21
Q
how many calcium is needed for 14 - 18 y.o
A
1300 mg
22
Q
howmany calcium is needed for 19-50 y.o
A
1000 mg
23
Q
how many calcium needed for men 51-70 y.o
A
1000 mg
24
Q
how many calcium needed for women 51 - 70 y.o
A
1200 mg
25
function of fibre
keep alimentary canal work properly and prevents constipitation
26
what is peristalsis
muscle that contracts and relaxes to squeeze food along
27
the muscle works strong when there is what
hard, less digestive food such as fiber
28
what are the forms of fiber
outer husk of cereal grains such as oat, wheat and barley
29
why does plant contains fiber ?
because plant's cell wall is made up of cellulose and cellulose contains fiber
30
where is fat found and what does fat food contains
fat are found in animals and fat foods contains cholesterol
31
what does saturated fat and cholesterol lead to ?
coronary heart disease
32
why does saturated fat and cholesterol cause coronary heart disease
because fat builds up inside the arteries making the, stiffer and narrower and there wont be enough blood making it hard for the muscles to move due to short of oxygen.
33
sources of saturated fat
red meat, milk, cream, cheese, butter and egg
34
what is saturated fat
fat found in animals
35
sources of unsaturated fat
plants
36
obese people are likely to get what diseases
heart disease, stroke and diabetes
37
what does extra weight cause
problems with joints especially knee
38
what is malnutrition
caused by not eating balanced diet
39
what is kwashiokor
a type of malnutrition in which a person lacks protein
40
what is marasmus
a type of malnutrition that causes a child to look emaciated
41
what is alimentary canal
a long tube running from one end of a mammal's body to another including liver and pancreas
42
food get out of the alimentary canal to the blood stream by what process ?
absorption
43
what is digestion ?
the break down of large to small molecule using mechanical digestion or chemical digestion
44
what is mechanical digestion
a type of digestion that doesn't involve a chemical change to the food
45
what is chemical digestion
a type of digestion the involves chemical change to the food
46
what is the enzyme that breaks down starch
amylase
47
what is the enzyme that breaks down protein
protease
48
what is the enzyme that breaks down fat
lipase
49
amylase turn starch to
simple sugars
50
protease turn protein to
amino acids
51
lipase turn lipid to
fatty acids and glycerol
52
what breaks down large droplet of fat into smaller ones
bile salts
53
protease break down protein molecules into
polypeptide molecules
54
peptidase breaks down polypeptide to what
amino acids
55
what is ingestion
taking in substance into the body throught the mouth
56
what is absorption
movement of digested food molecules through the walls of the intestine into the blood .
57
what is assimilation
movement of digested food molecules into the cell of the body where they are used
58
what is egestion
the pass out of undigested food, as faeces, through the anus.
59
what is the crown
part of the teeth that can be seen and is covered with enamel
60
what is enamel
hardest substance that is made by animal
61
what is dentine
layer under enamel that have channels containing living cytoplasm
62
what is pulp cavity
the middle of the tooth containing nerves and blood vessels that supply food and oxygen to the cytoplasm in the dentine
63
what is cement
cover the root of the tooth and has fibers growing out of it attaching the tooth to the jaw bone
64
type of teeth
incisors, canine, premolar and molar
65
function of incisors
bite off piece of food
66
function of canine
gripping food
67
function of premolar
bring ingested food from the frint teeth to the molars for chewing
68
other name for premolars
bicuspids
69
other name for molar
wisdom teeth
70
function of molars
chewing and crushing food
71
difference between molars and premolars
1. size are different
2. molars have 4 cusps while premolars have only 2
3. molars are larger than premolars
4. both have pits and fissures between their cusps
5. crevice in molars are deeper and more harder
6. premolars have 1 to 2 roots while molars have 2 roots in lower teeth and 3 roots in the upper teeth
72
number of human teeth
32
73
function teeth
bite food into smaller pieces and increase the surface area
74
function of toungue
mix food with saliva to form bolus
75
what is saliva
a mixture of water, mucus and amilase
76
function of water in digestive system
help dissolve nutrients
77
function of mucus
helps form bolus and lubricates it to slide down the oesophagus
78
function of trachea
takes air down to lungs
79
function of oesophagus
take food to the stomach
80
function epiglottis
covers the entrance to the trachea when swallowing and stop food from entering lungs
81
function of sphincter
a muscle that relaxes allow the food pass through
82
function of stomach
the muscle contracts and relaxing, mixing the food with enzyme and mucus
83
mixture of food, enzyme and mucus is called
chyme
84
stomach wall contains what
goblet cell
85
function of goblet cell
secrete mucus
86
protein enzyme in stomach is
pepsin
87
pepsin digest protein by breaking them into what
polypeptides
88
sphincter at the bottom of stomach opens and lets what into where
chyme, duodenum
89
what is pancreas
a gland beneath stomach
90
function of pancreas
secrete enzyme into small intestine
91
what is pancreatic ducts
a tube that leads from pancreas into duodenum
92
what is pancreatic juice
a fluid made by pancreas that flow in the pancereatic duct
93
tripsin breaks down protein into what
polypeptides
94
what does pancreatic juice contain
sodium hydrocarbonate
95
function of sodium hydrocarbonate
neutralize acid in stomach
96
function of bile
neutralize acid from stomach in small intestine
97
where is bile produced in ?
liver
98
where is bile stored
gall bladder
99
what does bile contain
bile salts and sodium hydrocarbonate
100
what is emulsification
the break down of large fat droplets to small ones and increase the surface area
101
what enzyme does pancreas produced
protease ,lipase, and pancreatic amylase
102
what enzyme does stomach produced
protease
103
what enzyme does small intestine produces
maltase
104
what enzyme does salivary glands produce
salivary amylase
105
what is the inner wall of intestine called ?
villi
106
singular of villi
villus
107
villi create enzyme made by ...`
goblet cell
108
function of lacteal
absorb digested fat
109
function pf blood capillaries in villus
absorb small molecules
110
function of vein in villus
return blood to the liver
111
why does the vein in villus returns blood to the liver first then the heart?
because the liver contain sodium hydrocarbonate that neutralize the food by removing toxic hypogenic material in the food
112
function of artery in villus
bring blood from the heart
113
how does nutrients get into the blood
high concentration of nutrients in small intestine diffuses in the blood with lower concentration of nutrients
114
lymph flows to where
hepathic vessel then to the heart
115
what is lymph
a fluid containing infection-fighting white blood cell
116
small molecules are absorbed into capillaries by
diffusion and active transport
117
name of vein where blood is taken up to the liver for neutralization
hepathic portal vein
118
hepatic means of relating to ...
liver
119
after nutrient-rich blood leave the intestine it goes where
hepatic portal vein
120
small intestine absorb between how many dm3 of water each day
5 and 10 dm3
121
how are small intestine adapted for absorbing digested nutrients. mention 5 statements
1. it's very long, about 5 m in adult human
2. it has villi
3. villi contain a lot of blood capillaries
4. villi contains lacteals which is part of the lymphatic system
5. villi have walls 1 cell thick
122
explain the adaptation of small intestine to absorption.
1. small intestine is very long giving plenty of time for digestion to be completed and to be absorbed as it slowly pass through
2. it has villi that gives the inner surface of small intestine a larger surface area that allows nutrients to be absorbed faster
3. villi contains a lot of capillaries to absorb small molecules and take them to liver then around the body.
4. villi contain lacteals to absorb digested fat
5. villi have walls only one cell thick allowing digested nutrient to diffuse easily from the intestine to the blood and capillaries.
123
liver has..4 statements
1. important role in metabolism of glucose
2. high glucose in blood, liver convert glucose to polysaccharide glycogen and store it
3. pancreas secrete hormone insulin to help convert glucose to glycogen
4. pancreas secrete glucagon to convert glycogen to glucose
124
function of salivary glands
produce saliva containing amylase
125
function of gall bladder
store bile
126
function of liver
produce bile
127
function of duodenum
where food is mixed with digestive enzymes and bile
128
function of ileum
where digested food is absorbed into the blood and lymph
129
function of colon
where water is reabsorbed
130
function of rectum
where faeces are stores
131
function of anus
where faeces leaves the alimentary canal
132
small intestine is divided into 2 parts which is
duodenum and ileum
133
large intestine is divided into 3 parts which is
colon, rectum and anus
134
difference between egestion and excretion
excretion is the passing out of unwanted materials
| egestion is the passing out of undigested materials
135
what is renin
an enzyme made in stomach of young mammals
136
function of bile pigments
excretory products
137
what is water used for
to help the digestion of large molecules to small ones
138
mucus acts as a
lubricant
139
function of mucus
forms a cover over the inner surface of alimentary canal and prevents enzyme from digesting the cell
