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biology chapter 1 - 5 > chapter 5 > Flashcards

chapter 5 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

where do animals get food from ?

A

organisms such as plant and animal

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2
Q

what is a diet

A

diet contains all nutrient in the correct amount and proportion

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3
Q

energy needed depends on

A

age, gender, job

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4
Q

nutrients include…

A

carbohydrates, protein, vitamin, mineral, fat, water, fiber

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5
Q

what are vitamins

A

organic substances that needed to be consumed in tiny amount

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6
Q

vitamin c deficiency

A

scurvy

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7
Q

scurvy causes

A

pain in joints and muscles, bleeding from gum and other places

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8
Q

source of vit c

A

citric fruit

raw vegetable

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9
Q

why is vit c needed

A

make stretchy protein collagen and keep tissues in good repair

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10
Q

vit d deficiency

A

rickets and bone become soft and deformed

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11
Q

vit d sources

A

butter, egg yolk, can be made in skin when sunlight falls on it.

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12
Q

why is vit d needed ?

A

help calcium to be absorbed and make bones and teeth

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13
Q

what are minerals

A

organic substances needed in tiny amounts

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14
Q

type of minerals..

A

calcium and iron

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15
Q

calcium deficiency

A

brittle bones and teeth, and poor blood clotting

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16
Q

sources if calcium

A

milk, dairy products and bread

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17
Q

why is calcium needed ?

A

for bones, teeth and blood clotting

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18
Q

iron deficiency

A

anemia where there is not enough blood cell to carry oxygen

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19
Q

sources of iron

A

liver, red meat, egg yolk, dark green vegetable

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20
Q

why is iron needed

A

to make haemoglobin

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21
Q

how many calcium is needed for 14 - 18 y.o

A

1300 mg

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22
Q

howmany calcium is needed for 19-50 y.o

A

1000 mg

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23
Q

how many calcium needed for men 51-70 y.o

A

1000 mg

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24
Q

how many calcium needed for women 51 - 70 y.o

A

1200 mg

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25
Q

function of fibre

A

keep alimentary canal work properly and prevents constipitation

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26
Q

what is peristalsis

A

muscle that contracts and relaxes to squeeze food along

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27
Q

the muscle works strong when there is what

A

hard, less digestive food such as fiber

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28
Q

what are the forms of fiber

A

outer husk of cereal grains such as oat, wheat and barley

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29
Q

why does plant contains fiber ?

A

because plant’s cell wall is made up of cellulose and cellulose contains fiber

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30
Q

where is fat found and what does fat food contains

A

fat are found in animals and fat foods contains cholesterol

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31
Q

what does saturated fat and cholesterol lead to ?

A

coronary heart disease

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32
Q

why does saturated fat and cholesterol cause coronary heart disease

A

because fat builds up inside the arteries making the, stiffer and narrower and there wont be enough blood making it hard for the muscles to move due to short of oxygen.

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33
Q

sources of saturated fat

A

red meat, milk, cream, cheese, butter and egg

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34
Q

what is saturated fat

A

fat found in animals

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35
Q

sources of unsaturated fat

A

plants

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36
Q

obese people are likely to get what diseases

A

heart disease, stroke and diabetes

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37
Q

what does extra weight cause

A

problems with joints especially knee

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38
Q

what is malnutrition

A

caused by not eating balanced diet

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39
Q

what is kwashiokor

A

a type of malnutrition in which a person lacks protein

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40
Q

what is marasmus

A

a type of malnutrition that causes a child to look emaciated

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41
Q

what is alimentary canal

A

a long tube running from one end of a mammal’s body to another including liver and pancreas

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42
Q

food get out of the alimentary canal to the blood stream by what process ?

A

absorption

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43
Q

what is digestion ?

A

the break down of large to small molecule using mechanical digestion or chemical digestion

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44
Q

what is mechanical digestion

A

a type of digestion that doesn’t involve a chemical change to the food

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45
Q

what is chemical digestion

A

a type of digestion the involves chemical change to the food

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46
Q

what is the enzyme that breaks down starch

A

amylase

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47
Q

what is the enzyme that breaks down protein

A

protease

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48
Q

what is the enzyme that breaks down fat

A

lipase

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49
Q

amylase turn starch to

A

simple sugars

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50
Q

protease turn protein to

A

amino acids

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51
Q

lipase turn lipid to

A

fatty acids and glycerol

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52
Q

what breaks down large droplet of fat into smaller ones

A

bile salts

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53
Q

protease break down protein molecules into

A

polypeptide molecules

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54
Q

peptidase breaks down polypeptide to what

A

amino acids

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55
Q

what is ingestion

A

taking in substance into the body throught the mouth

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56
Q

what is absorption

A

movement of digested food molecules through the walls of the intestine into the blood .

57
Q

what is assimilation

A

movement of digested food molecules into the cell of the body where they are used

58
Q

what is egestion

A

the pass out of undigested food, as faeces, through the anus.

59
Q

what is the crown

A

part of the teeth that can be seen and is covered with enamel

60
Q

what is enamel

A

hardest substance that is made by animal

61
Q

what is dentine

A

layer under enamel that have channels containing living cytoplasm

62
Q

what is pulp cavity

A

the middle of the tooth containing nerves and blood vessels that supply food and oxygen to the cytoplasm in the dentine

63
Q

what is cement

A

cover the root of the tooth and has fibers growing out of it attaching the tooth to the jaw bone

64
Q

type of teeth

A

incisors, canine, premolar and molar

65
Q

function of incisors

A

bite off piece of food

66
Q

function of canine

A

gripping food

67
Q

function of premolar

A

bring ingested food from the frint teeth to the molars for chewing

68
Q

other name for premolars

A

bicuspids

69
Q

other name for molar

A

wisdom teeth

70
Q

function of molars

A

chewing and crushing food

71
Q

difference between molars and premolars

A
  1. size are different
  2. molars have 4 cusps while premolars have only 2
  3. molars are larger than premolars
  4. both have pits and fissures between their cusps
  5. crevice in molars are deeper and more harder
  6. premolars have 1 to 2 roots while molars have 2 roots in lower teeth and 3 roots in the upper teeth
72
Q

number of human teeth

A

32

73
Q

function teeth

A

bite food into smaller pieces and increase the surface area

74
Q

function of toungue

A

mix food with saliva to form bolus

75
Q

what is saliva

A

a mixture of water, mucus and amilase

76
Q

function of water in digestive system

A

help dissolve nutrients

77
Q

function of mucus

A

helps form bolus and lubricates it to slide down the oesophagus

78
Q

function of trachea

A

takes air down to lungs

79
Q

function of oesophagus

A

take food to the stomach

80
Q

function epiglottis

A

covers the entrance to the trachea when swallowing and stop food from entering lungs

81
Q

function of sphincter

A

a muscle that relaxes allow the food pass through

82
Q

function of stomach

A

the muscle contracts and relaxing, mixing the food with enzyme and mucus

83
Q

mixture of food, enzyme and mucus is called

A

chyme

84
Q

stomach wall contains what

A

goblet cell

85
Q

function of goblet cell

A

secrete mucus

86
Q

protein enzyme in stomach is

A

pepsin

87
Q

pepsin digest protein by breaking them into what

A

polypeptides

88
Q

sphincter at the bottom of stomach opens and lets what into where

A

chyme, duodenum

89
Q

what is pancreas

A

a gland beneath stomach

90
Q

function of pancreas

A

secrete enzyme into small intestine

91
Q

what is pancreatic ducts

A

a tube that leads from pancreas into duodenum

92
Q

what is pancreatic juice

A

a fluid made by pancreas that flow in the pancereatic duct

93
Q

tripsin breaks down protein into what

A

polypeptides

94
Q

what does pancreatic juice contain

A

sodium hydrocarbonate

95
Q

function of sodium hydrocarbonate

A

neutralize acid in stomach

96
Q

function of bile

A

neutralize acid from stomach in small intestine

97
Q

where is bile produced in ?

A

liver

98
Q

where is bile stored

A

gall bladder

99
Q

what does bile contain

A

bile salts and sodium hydrocarbonate

100
Q

what is emulsification

A

the break down of large fat droplets to small ones and increase the surface area

101
Q

what enzyme does pancreas produced

A

protease ,lipase, and pancreatic amylase

102
Q

what enzyme does stomach produced

A

protease

103
Q

what enzyme does small intestine produces

A

maltase

104
Q

what enzyme does salivary glands produce

A

salivary amylase

105
Q

what is the inner wall of intestine called ?

A

villi

106
Q

singular of villi

A

villus

107
Q

villi create enzyme made by …`

A

goblet cell

108
Q

function of lacteal

A

absorb digested fat

109
Q

function pf blood capillaries in villus

A

absorb small molecules

110
Q

function of vein in villus

A

return blood to the liver

111
Q

why does the vein in villus returns blood to the liver first then the heart?

A

because the liver contain sodium hydrocarbonate that neutralize the food by removing toxic hypogenic material in the food

112
Q

function of artery in villus

A

bring blood from the heart

113
Q

how does nutrients get into the blood

A

high concentration of nutrients in small intestine diffuses in the blood with lower concentration of nutrients

114
Q

lymph flows to where

A

hepathic vessel then to the heart

115
Q

what is lymph

A

a fluid containing infection-fighting white blood cell

116
Q

small molecules are absorbed into capillaries by

A

diffusion and active transport

117
Q

name of vein where blood is taken up to the liver for neutralization

A

hepathic portal vein

118
Q

hepatic means of relating to …

A

liver

119
Q

after nutrient-rich blood leave the intestine it goes where

A

hepatic portal vein

120
Q

small intestine absorb between how many dm3 of water each day

A

5 and 10 dm3

121
Q

how are small intestine adapted for absorbing digested nutrients. mention 5 statements

A
  1. it’s very long, about 5 m in adult human
  2. it has villi
  3. villi contain a lot of blood capillaries
  4. villi contains lacteals which is part of the lymphatic system
  5. villi have walls 1 cell thick
122
Q

explain the adaptation of small intestine to absorption.

A
  1. small intestine is very long giving plenty of time for digestion to be completed and to be absorbed as it slowly pass through
  2. it has villi that gives the inner surface of small intestine a larger surface area that allows nutrients to be absorbed faster
  3. villi contains a lot of capillaries to absorb small molecules and take them to liver then around the body.
  4. villi contain lacteals to absorb digested fat
  5. villi have walls only one cell thick allowing digested nutrient to diffuse easily from the intestine to the blood and capillaries.
123
Q

liver has..4 statements

A
  1. important role in metabolism of glucose
  2. high glucose in blood, liver convert glucose to polysaccharide glycogen and store it
  3. pancreas secrete hormone insulin to help convert glucose to glycogen
  4. pancreas secrete glucagon to convert glycogen to glucose
124
Q

function of salivary glands

A

produce saliva containing amylase

125
Q

function of gall bladder

A

store bile

126
Q

function of liver

A

produce bile

127
Q

function of duodenum

A

where food is mixed with digestive enzymes and bile

128
Q

function of ileum

A

where digested food is absorbed into the blood and lymph

129
Q

function of colon

A

where water is reabsorbed

130
Q

function of rectum

A

where faeces are stores

131
Q

function of anus

A

where faeces leaves the alimentary canal

132
Q

small intestine is divided into 2 parts which is

A

duodenum and ileum

133
Q

large intestine is divided into 3 parts which is

A

colon, rectum and anus

134
Q

difference between egestion and excretion

A

excretion is the passing out of unwanted materials

egestion is the passing out of undigested materials

135
Q

what is renin

A

an enzyme made in stomach of young mammals

136
Q

function of bile pigments

A

excretory products

137
Q

what is water used for

A

to help the digestion of large molecules to small ones

138
Q

mucus acts as a

A

lubricant

139
Q

function of mucus

A

forms a cover over the inner surface of alimentary canal and prevents enzyme from digesting the cell

biology chapter 1 - 5 (3 decks)

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