Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

biology chapter 1 - 5 > chapter 1 - 5 > Flashcards

chapter 1 - 5 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

characteristic of living thing and explain

A
  1. movement = they move
  2. growth = grow bigger by the growth of cells or by adding more cells
  3. sensitivity = detect sense stimuli and respond to them
  4. reproduction = produce offspring
  5. excretion = remove toxic waste product of metabolism.
  6. nutrition = take in nutritious substance to provide energy.
  7. respiration = chemical reaction in cells break down nutrient molecule and release energy for metabolism
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what does animal store as glycogen

A

store carbohydrate as glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

light microscope magnify how many times ?

A

1500x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

electron microscope magnify how many times ?

A

500 000x

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

plant cell wall is made up of …

A

cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what does cellulose form

A

fibre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

fungi cell wall is made up of…

A

chitin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

explain multicellular fungi

A

multicellular fungi is organized into a mycelium made from hyphae that contains a lot of nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is a hypae

A

thread like structure containing many nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

cannot photosynthesis so they use…

A

saprotrophic nutrition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what does fungi store glycogen as

A

carbohydrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

bacteria used to make yogurt

A

lactobacillus bulgaricus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

bacteria that cause pneumonia

A

pneumococcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

bacteria have small extra circles of dna called

A

plasmids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is protoctists. give examples

A

microscopic single cell organism, some have features like animal cell ex amoeba, some are like plant cell ex chlorella and some are pathogens ex plasmodiums

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what does tabacco mosaic virus cause

A

cause tabacco plant and leaves to be discoloured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what does influenza cause

A

flu

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what does hiv cause

A

aids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

mention all cell structures

A
  1. cell membrane
  2. cell wall
  3. chlorophyll
  4. cytoplasm
  5. vacuoles
  6. nucleus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

function of cell membrane

A

layer of protein and fat that controls what goes into and out of the cell , lets some substance in and not others so they are partially permeable.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

function of cell wall

A

protects and supports the cell, fully permeable because lets any substance in and out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what group does cellulose belong to

A

polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

function of cytoplasm

A

made up of 70% water so many substances especially protein dissolved in it also where metabolic reaciton takes place.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

function of vacuoles

A

spaces surrounded by cell membrane that contains solution. plant have large vacuole, animals have small vacuole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the name of the animals vacuole

A

vesicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what does plant vacuole contain

A

sugar solution and cell sap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what does animal vacuole contain

A

nutrients and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

funtion of choloroplast

A

contain chlorophyll that absorbs sunlight for photosynthesis. contain starch made by photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

function of nucleus

A

store genetic information and help cells make the right sorts of protein.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

where is information kept

A

in nucleus in the chromosomes that is inherited from organism’s parents.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

explain the meaning of diffusion

A

a net movement of molecules and ions from high to low concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

explain osmosis

A

the net movement of water molecules and is a situation where a water molecules pass through a partially permeable membrane also called a visking tubing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what is a solvent

A

a liquid substance in which solute is dissolved in

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what is a solute

A

a substance that is dissolved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what is hypertonic

A

a solution with low water potential and high concentration of solute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

what is hypotonic

A

a solution with high water potential and low concentration of solute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

what is isotonic

A

having the same concentration of solute in both sides of the permeable membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

explain the process of osmosis happening in animal cell that burst

A

burst out when cytoplasm have high concentration than outside of it because more water enters the cell and swells. the cell get bigger and bigger and eventually burst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

explain the process of osmosis happening in animal cell that shrinks

A

shrinks when cytoplasm have low concentration that outside of it because water diffuses out of the cell making the cell shrinks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

explain the process of osmosis happening in plant cell that is turgid

A

happens when there is high water potential than cell content so water diffuses into the cell causing the cytoplasm to press outwards and cell wall resist.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

explain the process of osmosis happening in plant cell that is flaccid

A

hhappens when there is low water potential that cell content so water diffuses out of the cell causing the cell to be floppy. cell wall is left behind and cell membrane tears away from cell wall and is said to be plasmolysed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what is haemolysis

A

when cell burst in a more dilute solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

what is crenate

A

when a cell shrinks in a more concentrated solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is osmoregulation

A

involves kidney ensures because concentration of blood stays the same as concentration of cell contents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what is active transport

A

movement of dissolved molecules from low to high concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

why is water important to living organism

A

because water is the only solvent that can dissolve many substances such as enzymes and nutrients. and metabolic reaction can only take place in water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

what are type of nutrient

A

carbohydrate , protein, fat, vitamin, minerals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

what does protein contains that carbo and fat dont

A

nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what is carbohydrate

A

simple sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

sugars contain how many c h and o ?

A

6 c, 12 0, 6 h

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

monosaccharides include…

A

glucose and fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

disaccharides include..

A

sucrose, maltose and lactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

what does sucrose compose of

A

glucose and and fructose, 2 monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

what does maltose compose of

A

2 glucose units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

what does lactose compose of

A

galactose and glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

what is polysaccharides

A

many simple sugar that join together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

example of polysaccharides

A

starch and glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

where is starch found

A

plants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

where is glycogen found

A

animals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

what do we use to see the presence of sugar

A

benedict solution that must be heated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

what do we use to see the presence of starch

A

iodine solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

what color will benedict change if sugar is present

A

blue to brick red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

what color will iodine change if starch is present

A

brown to navy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

what is the function of carbohydrate

A

needed for energy, plants store carbohydrate as starch and animals store carbohydrate as glycogen or polysaccharide glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

what does plant transport ?

A

sucrose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

difference between reducing and non reducing sugars

A

reducing sugars have oh and can reduce other components while non reducing sugars dont have oh and cannot reduce other components

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

example of reducing sugars

A

all simple sugars and some complex sugars

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

what are fats

A

known as lipids made up of fatty acid and glycerol joined together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

what is used to see if fat is present

A

using ethanol solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

what happened to ethanol if fat is present

A

milky white cloud called emulsion is produced at the surface if the solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

where is saturated fat found in

A

animal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

where is unsaturated fat or poliunsaturated fat found in

A

plant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

function of fat

A

help provide energy, and insulates the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

plant store oil in their seed which provides …

A

good source of energy for germination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

what is protein

A

nutrient made up of amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

function of protein

A

needed for making new cells for growth and repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

what is used to test protein

A

biuret solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

what color is produced by biuret if protein is present

A

blue to purple

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

small molecules that carbohydrate is made up of

A

monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

small molecules that protein is made up of

A

amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

small molecules that fat is made up of

A

fatty acid and glycerol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

solubility in water of carb protein and fat

A

carb :sugar are soluble, polysaccharides are insoluble
protein : some are soluble some are not
fat ; insoluble

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

what does unbalance diet lead to

A

deficiency disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

source of carb

A

bread, rice, pasta, flour, corn starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

source of protein

A

meat, fish, egg, beans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

source of fat

A

cheese, butter, oil, margarine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

function of vit b

A

make coenzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

source of vit b

A

meat sea food dairy products egg and sead

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

function of vit c

A

make collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

source of vit c

A

citrus fruit and leafy green vegie

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

what is also known as vitamin c

A

ascorbic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

function of vit a

A

make white blood cell and shape bones, maintain good vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

deficiency of vit c

A

scurvy which is the bleeding or swelling of gum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

source of vit a

A

milk, dairy product

oily fish and mackerel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

vit a deficiency

A

night blindness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

body convert vit a to

A

beta carotene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

funtion of vit d

A

make bone, maintian healthy bone and teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

source of vit d

A

egg, margarine, and oily fish

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

deficiency of vid d

A

rickets and bone pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
100
Q

type of mineral ions

A

calcium and iron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
101
Q

function of calcium

A

maintain healthy bone and teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
102
Q

deficiency of calcium

A

week bone and teeth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
103
Q

function of iron

A

produce haemoglobin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
104
Q

iron deficiency

A

anaemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
105
Q

function of fiber

A

provides bulk that keep food moving through the intestine easily

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
106
Q

other name of fiber

A

roughage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
107
Q

fiber deficiency

A

constipitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
108
Q

source of fiber

A

fruit, vegie, cereals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
109
Q

useful organism and thier function

A

bacteria can be used to make yogurt, yeast can be used to make alcohol from plant sugars,.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
110
Q

proteins are ..

A

polymers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
111
Q

what makes protein polymer molecule

A

monomer molecules that join end to end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
112
Q

diffenet numbeer of sequence in amino acid giveseach protein molecules …

A

a particular shape allowing it to carry different functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
113
Q

what are enzymes

A

biological catalysts and also protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
114
Q

function of enzyme

A

help speed up chemical reaction inside cells and the break down of large to small molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
115
Q

what does amylase break down

A

starch to maltose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
116
Q

what does catalase break down

A

hidrogen peroxide to oxygen and water

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
117
Q

what does carbohydrase break down

A

carbohydrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
118
Q

protease break down…

A

protein to amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
119
Q

lipase break down

A

lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
120
Q

carbohydrase that break down starch is called..

A

amylase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
121
Q

carbohydrase that break down maltose is called..

A

maltase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
122
Q

carbohydrase that break down sucrose is called

A

sucrase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
123
Q

explain how enzymes work

A
  1. substrate collides with active site of enzyme
  2. enzyme break down the substrate
  3. enzyme change substrate to product
  4. product is then released from active site
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
124
Q

what happens to the enzyme that can no longer fit substrates

A

become denatured and no longer work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
125
Q

what is active site

A

has a complementary shape to fit its substrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
126
Q

what happens when enzyme is denatured

A

permanently damaged and the enzyme no longer works

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
127
Q

properties of enzymes

A
  1. all enzymes are proteins
  2. enzymes are made inactive by high temp
  3. enzyme work best at a particular temp or optimum temp
  4. enzymes work best at particular ph or optimum ph
  5. enzymes are catalysis
  6. enzymes are specific
128
Q

what happens to enzyme in high and low temp

A

in high they react faster and react slower in low temp but damaged at high temp and they will lose their shape

129
Q

optimum temp in human body for the enzyme to work

A

37

130
Q

optimum tempin plant for the enzyme to work

A

28-30

131
Q

what does ph solution effect the enzyme ?

A

shape

132
Q

enzyme will have the correct shape at how many ph

A

7 which is neutral

133
Q

if ph become very…they are denatured

A

acidic or alkaline

134
Q

animal and fungi feed on..

A

organic substances made by plants, some eat other animals

135
Q

green plants feed use….to make their own food

A

carbon dioxide, water and mineral

136
Q

build 3 substance to complex substances which is…

A

carbohydrate, lipid, protein, vitamin

137
Q

green plants need what to make glucose

A

mix carbon dioxide and water and use sunlight energy

138
Q

what does chlorophyll contain

A

green pigment that absorbs sunlight

139
Q

when sunlight fall on chlorophyll molecule what happens

A

energy is released to combine co2 and h2o with the help of enzymes inside chloroplast

140
Q

light energy is converted to what in photosynthesis

A

chemical energy

141
Q

leaf structure include…

A
  1. lamina
  2. midrib
  3. margin
  4. vein
142
Q

vascular bundle form…..

A

the veins in the leaf , contains tubes that carry substances to and from the leaf

143
Q

leaf is made up of..

A

several layers of cell

144
Q

top and bottom of leaf are covered with layer of closely fitting cells called

A

epidermis

145
Q

upper epidermis secrete

A

waxy substance called cuticle

146
Q

finction of upper epidermis

A

to stop water evaporating because the upper epidermis is facing the sun.

147
Q

where is stomata located ?

A

in the lower epidermis

148
Q

what is stomata

A

small opening in lower epidermis

149
Q

function of stomata

A

as an entry way for carbon dioxide and for releasing oxygen and water vapor

150
Q

guard cell surround…

A

stomata

151
Q

singular of stomata is…

A

stoma

152
Q

function of guard cell

A

can open and close the hole (stomata)

153
Q

what is in the mesophyll layer ?

A

upper epidermis, palisade mesophyll,spongy mesophyll, lower epidermis

154
Q

what is in the vein of plant ?

A

xylem and phloem

155
Q

function of lamina

A

help obtain as much light as possible

156
Q

leaves are thin so that sunlight can …through it that is why epidermal cell is … and have no …

A
  1. penetrate
    2.transparent
    3, chloroplast
157
Q

why are chloroplast arranged in mesophyll cell

A

to get much light as possible

158
Q

supported stem and leaf stem to…

A

expose leaf to sunlight and air

159
Q

leave have large surface area to

A

expose large area to sunlight and air

160
Q

leave are thin to

A

allow sunlight to penetrate and to allow o2 and co2 to diffuse in and out

161
Q

stomata in lower epidermis to

A

allow o2 and co2 to diffuse into the air

162
Q

air spaces in spongy mesophyll

A

allow co2 and o2 to diffuse to and from all cells

163
Q

no chloroplasts in epidermal cell

A

alllow sunlight to penetrate to mesophyll layer

164
Q

palliside cell arranged end on to

A

keep as few cell walls as possible between sunlight and chloroplast

165
Q

chloroplast containing chlorophyll present in the mesophyll layer to

A

absorb energy from sunlight so that co2 combine with h2o

166
Q

chloroplast inside palisade cells often arranges broadside on to

A

expose chlorophyll yo sunlight

167
Q

chlorophyll arranged on flat membranes inside chloroplast

A

expose chlorophyll to sunlight

168
Q

xylem vessel within short distance of every mesophyll to

A

supply water to the cells in the leaf

169
Q

phloem tubes within short distance of every mesophyll cell to

A

take away sucrose and other products of photosynthesis

170
Q

what does mesophyll need ?

A

co2

171
Q

water absorbed by root hair carried up by the…

A

xylem

172
Q

glucose in plants is used for energy…

A

the energy is released from glucose in the leaf and is obtained by respiration. glucose is broken down by respiration to release energy

173
Q

what is glucose turned into and stored in the leaf

A

starch

174
Q

thy is glucose not a good storage molecule ?

A
  1. can involved in unwanted chemical reaction
  2. soluble in water
  3. increase concentration of solution that would affect osmosis
175
Q

granules can be easily stored in…

A

chloroplst

176
Q

uses if glucose `in platns

A
  1. used for energy
  2. stored as starch
  3. used to make proteins and other organic substances
  4. changed to sucrose for transport
177
Q

plant use sugar made in photosynthesis to make …

A

amino acids and need nnitrogen to do this

178
Q

nitrogne combine with what for what

A

combine with glucose for amino acid synthesis

179
Q

plants make what and need what and what that is obtained form where

A

make chlorophyll and need nitrogen and magnesiium that is obtained in the soil

180
Q

why is nitrogen needed

A

to make amino acids

181
Q

why is magnesium needed

A

to make chlorophyll

182
Q

deficiency in plant of nitrogen

A

week growth , yellow leaves

183
Q

deficiency in plant of magnesium

A

yellowing between veins of leaf

184
Q

in plants sucrose can be truned into glucose to be

A

broken down to release energy

185
Q

in plants sucrose can be turned into starch and stored to

A

make other substances for growth

186
Q

source of calcium

A

cheese egg milk green leafy vegies

187
Q

source of iron

A

liver, red meat, leafy green vegie, dried fruits, nuts and beans

188
Q

what is peristalsis

A

muscle in alimentary canal that contract and relaxes to squeeze food along.

189
Q

the muscle work strongly when…

A

there is harder, less digestive food such as fiber

190
Q

fiber helps..

A

prevent conspitatipn

191
Q

digestion is …

A

the break down of large to small molecules

192
Q

absorbtion is when…

A

food get out of the alimentary canal and into the blood stream

193
Q

fat contains..

A

cholesterol

194
Q

cholesterol and saturated fat can lead to…why ?

A

coronary heart disease .. because fat build up in the inside of the arteries making it stiffer and narrower

195
Q

examples of saturated fat

A

egg, milk, cream, butter, cheese, red meat

196
Q

example of unsatuirated fat

A

white meat such as chicken meat and fish meat

197
Q

does unsaturated fat increase the risk of heart disease ?

A

no

198
Q

obese people are likely to get…

A

heart disease, stroke and diabetes

199
Q

etra weight cause problems with…

A

joints especially knee

200
Q

what can help those with extra weight ?

A

crash diet

201
Q

what is malnutrition

A

lack of eating proper meal

202
Q

cause of malnutrition

A

not eating balanced food, eat too much of something

203
Q

what is kwashiorkor

A

a kind of malnutrition caused by lack of protein

204
Q

what is marasmus

A

it is when a childs body looks emaciated

205
Q

what is alimentary canal

A

a very long tube in the digestive system running from one end of a mammal’s body to the other

206
Q

explain what it means by mechanical digestion

A

the break down of food into smaller peices without chemical change to the food

207
Q

explain what it means by chemical degistion

A

break down of large insoluble molecules into small soluble ones and involving chemical change to the food

208
Q

meaning of ingestion

A

taking substance into the body through the mouth

209
Q

meaning of digestion

A

large insoluble molecules of food are broken down to small molecules

210
Q

meaning of absorption

A

small molecule are then absorbed into the blood stream

211
Q

meaning of egestion

A

food which cant be digested or absorbed is removed from the body

212
Q

meaning of assimilation

A

movement of digested food molecules into the cells of the body where they are used.

213
Q

function of teeth

A

help with ingestion and , mechanical digestion of food

give food a larger surface area that makes it easier for the enxyme to work on it

214
Q

root of teeth…

A

enabled to the gum

215
Q

crown is the…

A

part of the teeth that can be seen and is covered with enamel

216
Q

enamel is..

A

hardest substance made by animal

217
Q

enamel can be dissolved by..

A

dissolved by acids bacteria feed on sweet food left on the teeth and makes the acid and decay sets in

218
Q

dentine is..

A

layer under the enamel have channels containg cytoplasm

219
Q

pulp cavity

A

in the middle of the tooth, contain nerves and blood vessel and supply the cytopolasm with food and o2

220
Q

cement

A

cover the root of tooth and has fiber growing out of it attaching the toothe to the jawbone

221
Q

type of teeth

A

incisors, canine, molars and premolars

222
Q

function of incisors

A

sharped edge chisel shaped used to bite off food

223
Q

funciton of canines

A

more pointed than incisors used for gripping food

224
Q

function of premolars

A

help cut and move food from front teeth to the molars for chewing

225
Q

function of molars

A

for chewing and cruching food

226
Q

dental decay caused by…

A

bacteria

227
Q

what is plaque

A

plaque is soft and easy to remove but if left for too long than it cant be removed by just brushing, it is caused by bacteria together with substances in saliva

228
Q

difference between preolars and molars

A
  1. size and shape are different
  2. premolars have 1 / 2root while molar have 2 root and 3 in the upper
  3. molars have 4 cusps while premolar only have 2
  4. molars are larger than premolars
  5. crevice in molers are deeper
229
Q

how many teeth does a human have

A

32

230
Q

where is Starch stored in plants ?

A

leaf

231
Q

where are granules stored ?

A

chloroplasts

232
Q

in testing leave for starch why is it boiled first ?

A

to break down the cell membrane

233
Q

how is chlorophyll removed ?

A

by dissolving it in alchohol

234
Q

what is a diet

A

all nutrient in the correct amount and proportion

235
Q

energy needed depends on

A

job age and gender

236
Q

is vitamin inorganic or organic substance ?

A

organic

237
Q

is mineral inorganic or organic substance ?

A

inorganic

238
Q

what breaks down large droplet of fat ?

A

bile salt

239
Q

what does digestive system includes ?

A

liver and pancreas

240
Q

function of mouth

A

where ingestion happen

241
Q

function of salivary glands

A

make saliva containing amylase

242
Q

function of oesophagus

A

move ingested food to the stomach

243
Q

function of stomach

A

where digestion happen, the stomach contracts and relaxes to mix food with enzymes and mucus and the mixture is called chyme

244
Q

main enzyme in stomach and what does it breakdown and into what

A

protease enzyme named pepsin that break down protein into polypeptides.

245
Q

what is the function of hcl

A

protect from harmful bacteria by denaturing enzymes in them

246
Q

function sphincter at the bottom of the stomach

A

open and lets chyme into the duodnum

247
Q

what is the function of pancreas

A

secrete enzyme into small intestine

248
Q

what is pancreatic duct

A

a tube that leads from pancreas into the duodenum

249
Q

what is pancreatic juice

A

a fluid made by pancreas that flow in the pancreatic duct

250
Q

what does tripsin break down

A

protein to polypeptides

251
Q

what does pancreatic juice contain

A

amylase, lipase and tripsin and sodium hydrocarbonate

252
Q

function of sodium hydrocarbonate

A

neutralizes acid

253
Q

where is bile made and where is it stored

A

made in liver stored in gall bladder

254
Q

what does bile contain ?

A

bile salt not enzyme

255
Q

what does bile help digest something by

A

digest fat by emulsification

256
Q

what is emulsification

A

break down of large fat droplet into smaller ones and increasse the surface area

257
Q

what is villi

A

inner wall of small intestine

258
Q

what is the singular of villi

A

villus

259
Q

in the small intestine what makes the enzyme ?

A

cell covering the villi made the enzymes

260
Q

what is the function of teeth

A

bite food and increase the surface area

261
Q

function of tongue

A

mix food with saliva to form bolus

262
Q

what is saliva a mixture of

A

water mucus and amylase

263
Q

mucus helps …

A

form bolus and lubricates it to slide down the oesophagus

264
Q

function of trachea

A

takes air down to the lungs

265
Q

funtion of liver

A

produce bile

266
Q

function of epiglottis

A

covers the entrance to the trachea when swallowing and stop food from going down into the lungs

267
Q

function of sphincter

A

a muscle that relaxes allowing food to pass into the stomach

268
Q

function of lacteal

A

absorbs digested fat

269
Q

functionof blood cappilaries in villi

A

absorb small molecule for example amino acid and sugars

270
Q

function of vein in villi

A

returning blood to the liver

271
Q

function of artery in villi

A

bring blood fronm the heart

272
Q

how small intestine is adapted for absorbing digested nutrients

A
  1. it’s very long
  2. has villi covered with microvilli
  3. villi contain alot of blood capillaries
  4. villi contain lacteals part of the lymphatic system
  5. villi have walls only one cell thick
273
Q

how does small intestine being very long help absorption take place ?

A

give plenty of time for digestion to be complete and for digested food to be absorbed as it slowly pass through

274
Q

how does small intestine having villi help absorption take place ?

A

give the inner surface of small intestine a larger surface area. the larger the surface area the faster nutrients can be absorbed.

275
Q

how does villi containing a lot of blood cappilaries help absorption take place ?

A

allow monosaccharides, amino acid, water, mineral, vitamin, and fat to be absorbed

276
Q

how does villi contain lacteals help absorption take place ?

A

absorb fat

277
Q

how does villi having a wall one cell thick help absorption take place ?

A

so that digested nutrient can easily cross the wall to reach the blood capillaries and lacteals

278
Q

what are absorbed in colon

A

water and salt

279
Q

what remains in the large intestine

A

undigested food, bacteria and ded cell from inside of alimentary canal

280
Q

liver processes the…

A

absorbed nutrient

281
Q

nutrients dissolved in … send to other part of the body and become … as part of a cell

A

blood plasma assimilated

282
Q

meaning of assimilated by liver

A

the movement of digested food molecules into the cell of the body where they are used becoominh part of the cell

283
Q

liver has…

A
  1. important role in metabolic reaction
  2. high glucose in blood, liver convert glucose to polysaccharide glycogen and store it
  3. pancreas secrete hormone insulin to help convert glucose to glycogen
  4. oancreas secrete glucagon to convert glycogen to glusoce when blood glucose is low
284
Q

all of digestive juice contain

A

mucus and water

285
Q

what is water used for in digestion

A

used for the digestion of large molecules to small ones and as a solvent for nutrient and enzyme

286
Q

mucus acts as a what

A

lubricant

287
Q

function of mucus

A

forms a covering over the inner surface of alimentary canal preventing enzyme from digesting the cell

288
Q

what is the substrate of salivary amylase

A

starch

289
Q

what is the substrate of protease

A

protein

290
Q

what is the substrate of lipase

A

lipids

291
Q

what is the substrate of pancreatic amylase

A

starch

292
Q

substrate of maltase…

A

maltose

293
Q

end product of starch with salivary amilase as enzyme

A

maltose

294
Q

end product of protein with protease enzyme

A

amino acids

295
Q

endproduct of lipids with lipase enzyme

A

fatty acids and glycerol

296
Q

end product of strach with pancreatic amylase enzyme

A

maltose

297
Q

end product of maltose with maltase enzyme

A

glucose

298
Q

where is salivary amylase produced

A

salivary glands

299
Q

where is protease produced

A

stomach and pancreas

300
Q

where is lipase produced

A

pancreas

301
Q

where is pancreatic amylase produced

A

pancreas

302
Q

where is maltase produced

A

small intestine

303
Q

function of pancreas

A

produce digestive enzymes

304
Q

function of gall bladder

A

stores bile before releasing it into duodenum

305
Q

function of duodenum

A

where food is mixed with digestive enzymes and bile

306
Q

function of ileum

A

where digested food is absorbed into the blood and lymph

307
Q

function of colomn

A

where water is reabsorbed

308
Q

function of rectum

A

where faeces are stored

309
Q

function of anus

A

where faeces leave the alimentary canal

310
Q

what is the other substance in juice in the stomach

A

hcl

311
Q

function of hcl

A

acid environment for pepsin and to kill bacteria in food

312
Q

where is rennin produced

A

stomach of young mammal

313
Q

substrate of rennin

A

milk protein

314
Q

product if milk protein with rennin enzyme

A

curdled milk protein

315
Q

fubction of bile salts

A

emulsify fats

316
Q

function of bile pigments

A

excretory products

biology chapter 1 - 5 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions