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Science- Holt Science And Technology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

heredity

A

The passing of genetic traits from parent to offspring

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2
Q

Dominant trait

A

The trait observed in the first generation when parents that have different traits are bred

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3
Q

Recessive traits

A

A trait that reappears in the second generation after disappearing in the first generation when parents with different traits are bred

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4
Q

Gene

A

One set of instructions for an inherited trait

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5
Q

Allele

A

One of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic, such as hair color

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6
Q

Phenotype

A

An organism’s appearance or other detectable characteristic

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7
Q

Genotype

A

The entire genetic makeup of an organism; also the combination of genes for one or more specific traits

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8
Q

Probability

A

The likelihood that a possible future event will occur in any given instance of the event

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9
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure

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10
Q

Meiosis

A

A process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus, which results in the production of sex cells.

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11
Q

Sex chromosome

A

One of the pair of chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual

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12
Q

Pedigree

A

A diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family

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13
Q

Sperm and eggs are known as?

A

Sex cells

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14
Q

The ___________ is the expression of a trait and is determined by the combination of alleles called the _________?

A

Phenotype

Genotype

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15
Q

What produces cells with half the normal number of chromosomes?

A

Meiosis

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16
Q

Different versions of the same genes are called?

A

Alleles

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17
Q

Genes carry information that determines?

A

Traits

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18
Q

The process that produces sex cells is called?

A

Meiosis

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19
Q

The passing of traits from parents to offspring is called?

A

Heredity

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20
Q

If you cross a white flower with the genotype pp with a purple flower with the genotype PP, the possible genotypes in the offspring are?

What would the phenotypes be?

A

All Pp

All purple

21
Q

How many cells are produced in meosis?

A

2

22
Q

When one trait is not completely dominant over another, it is called?

A

Incomplete dominance

23
Q

Which sex chromosomes do females have?

A

XX

24
Q

Which sex chromosomes to males have?

A

XY

25
Q

What is a recessive trait?

A

A non-dominant gene that doesn’t express itself in the first generation but may appear in the second generation.

26
Q

How are Sex cells different than other body cells?

A

Sex cells have half the chromosomes (23) vs Normal cells have pairs (46) of chromosomes.

27
Q

What is a sex-linked disorder?

A

Where there is damage or abnormality to either the X or Y sex chromosomes? There have to two abnormal genes to cause the disorder

28
Q

What are some examples of sex-linked disorders in humans?

A

Baldness, colorblindness

29
Q

Chromosomes are copied and then the nucleus divides twice during?

A

Meiosis

30
Q

What is used to show how inherited traits move through a family?

A

Pedigree

31
Q

Sex cells line up in the middle of the cell during what?

A

Mitosis

32
Q

Genes are found on?

A

Chromosomes

33
Q

If there are 14 chromosomes in a pea plant cells, how many chromosomes are present in a sex cell of a pea plant?

A

28 (2times the amount)

34
Q

Put the following in order from smallest to largest: chromosome, gene, cell

A

Gene, chromosome, cell

35
Q

The dominant and recessive forms of a gene are called?

A

Alleles

36
Q

Describe genotype and phenotype in the same sentence.

A

Every organism has a phenotype that describes it’s traits/ appearance and a genotype which gives all the genetic makeup of an organism.

37
Q

What would be the punnet square to determine the possible genotypes of the offspring of a BB xBb cross?

A

BB and Bb

38
Q

How are genes and alleles related to genotype and phenotype?

A

Instructions for an inherited trait are called genes. For each gene there are two alleles, one inherited from each parent. Both alleles makeup an organism’s genotype. Phenotype is an organism’s appearance.

39
Q

Describe three exceptions to Mendel’s observations?

A

1) incomplete dominance( shared dominance red/white snapdragon makes pink)
2) sometimes one gene can influence more than one trait (white tiger will also have blue eyes)
3) sometimes many genes combine to express one trait. Example: color of skin, hair, eyes

40
Q

What is the probability of rolling a five on one die three times in a row?

A

1/216 .46%
1/6 x 1/6 x 1/6= 1/216

There are 6 faces on a die

41
Q

Given this Punnett square what are the genotypes of the parents?

A

BB and bb

42
Q

If black fur had incomplete dominance over white fur, what color would the offspring be?

A

Gray

43
Q

A plant that has both male and female reproductive structures is able to?

A

Self-pollinate

44
Q

What is the difference between self-pollination and cross Pollination?

A

Self pollination means that pollen from itself can combine with it’s own ovule to reproduce, cross pollination is caused by wind or insects carrying pollen from other flowering plants into it to reproduce.

45
Q

What is the difference between characteristic and trait?

A

Characteristic is a feature that has different forms in the populations (hair color)
Trait is the different forms that can be (red, black, brown, blonde)

46
Q

What was Mendel’s first experiment?

A

He crossed true breeding pea plants to study seven different characteristics.
A true purple to a true white flower.
He noted that one trait was always present in the first generation and the other would disappear.

47
Q

What was Mendel’s second experiment?

A

He then allowed the first generation plants to self-pollinate.
This resulted in his 3:1 ratio
3purple flowers and one white

48
Q

In a bag of chocolate candies, there are 21 brown candies and 6 green candies.
What is the ratio of brown to green?
What is the ratio of green to brown?

A

21: 6 = 3.5/1
6: 21= .29/1

49
Q

In cats, there are two types of ears: normal and curly. If one of each type mated with the other and all of the kittens he curly ears… would curly ears be dominant or a recessive trait? Explain

A

It is a dominant bc the first generation will only produce dominant traits if they were true bred to begin with. And all the kittens came out with curly ears.

Science- Holt Science And Technology (4 decks)

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