Chapter 5 Flashcards
cinematography is quoted as
“writing in movement”
photography is quoted as
“writing in light”
tonality
considering how light registers on film, the control of a range of tones and shades
contrast
comparative difference between the highlights and shadows (lights and darks) of a frame
exposure
regulation of how much light passes through camera lens
what does the speed of motion onscreen depend on
rate film was shot at and rate of projection
what is frame rate calculated in
frames per second
what was the standard frame rate since 19201
24 frames per second
what are the rame rate ranges of today
8-64 fps
ramping
varying frame rate during shooting.
focal length
distance from the centre of the lens to point where light beams converge to form area of focus,
what does changing the focal length do
alters size and proportions of objects seen onscreen
what does a short focal length do
lengthens depth, wider field of vision
short focal length
<35mm
middle focal length
35 mm
what does a middle focal length do
lines are straight and depth is accurate to real life.
what does long focal length do
flattens space along axis to make depth reduced, narrower field of vision
long focal lens
typically 100 mm or more
what is a short focal length lens called
wide-angle lens
what is a long focal length lens called
telephoto lens
depth of field
range of distances specific to each lens where objects can be photographed in sharp focus given a certain exposure setting.
what is a zoom lens
a lens that’s focal length can be changed during a shot.
what is changed by a zoom lens
focal length and framing
deep space
the way the filmmaker has staged the action on several different planes, regardless of whether all of these planes are in focus.
selective focus
focusing on one plane and letting the others blur.
deep focus
short focal length lenses and higher light levels to create a greater depth of field.
racking focus/pulling focus
used to switch attention between foreground and background, making one plane blurred and another sharp.
special effect
photographic manipulations that create fictitious spatial relations in the shot
what are some example of special effects
- superimposition
- matte work
- rear projection
which is the most unrealistic special effect
superimposition.
what is superimposition
images are laid over one another, creating multiple perspectives within the frame.
composite
separately photographed images are blended in a single composition
rear projection/process work
project footage of a setting and have actors in front of it
what is an example of rear projection
when actors are in a car and a video of scenery moving past plays behind them
why are older rear-projects not believable
the depth cues are not very convincing.
matte
portion of the setting photographed on a strip of film, with the other part of the frame empty
matte work
joining a matte with another strip of film that shows actors/objects that fit in matte’s blank area.
travelling matte
when actors are filmed in front of blank background and then a background is fit around them (green screen)
framing
The use of the edges of the film frame to select and to compose what will be visible onscreen.
aspect ratio
ratio of frame width to frame height
what was the aspect ratio of early filmmakers
4x3 or 1.33:1
what year was the academy ratio defined
1930s
what is the academy ratio
1.37:1
why was the aspect ratio changed by the academy
to allow room for a sountrack.,
what aspect ratio was common in the 1950s
1.85:1
what aspect ratio is most common today
widescreen
what is the easiest way to create widscreen
masking the image during either production or exhibition.
masking/hard matte
stretches of black fabric that frame theatre screen.
anamorphic process
creates widescreen by using a special lens to squeeze the image horizontally during filming or printing
what are the ways to make an image widescreen
masking or anamorphic process
iris
moving circular mask that opens to reveal or closes to conceal
canted film level
framing is tipped to one side or another
“dutch” framing
canted film level
extreme long shot effect
makes human figures appear lost or tiny
long shot effect
figures are more prominent but the background still dominates
medium long shot effect
human figure is framed from the knees up
media shot effect
humans framed from the waist up, gesture and expression are more visible.
close up effect
shot showing just the head/hands/feet/small object.
extreme close up effect
singles out portion of the face or isolates and magnifies object.
mobile framing
allows cinematographers to change angle/level/height of framing during shot
What are the types of mobile framing
- panorama shot
- tilt shot
- tracking/dolly shot
- crane shot
panorama
camera swivels along vertical axis (camera pans horizontally)
tilt shot
camera swivels on horizontal axis (pans vertically)
tracking/dolly shot
camera changes whole position by travelling along the ground in any direction
crane shot
camera moves above ground level
dolly
heavy cart carrying camera
what is the difference between a zoom shot and a tracking shot
in a zoom shot, the perspective or vantage point remains consistent but in a tracking shot it changes
reframing
changing of camera angle without a cut
sequence shot
an entire scene is one long shot
