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Chem 20 > Chapter 5-8 > Flashcards

Chapter 5-8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Scientific Law

A

A major empirical concept that is based on a large body of empirical knowledge

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2
Q

Scientific theory

A

Well substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is acquired through the scientific method

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3
Q

Structural Formula

A

A representation of a molecule in which each covalent bond is shown as a single, double, or triple line between symbols representing bonding atoms
Ex: H-N-H

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4
Q

Ionic bonding

A

Attraction force holding ions together, simultaneous attraction between positive and negative ions resulting from one or more valence electrons
Ex: Na + Cl > Na+ + Cl- > NaCl

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5
Q

Valence Electrons

A

An electron in the highest energy level of the atom, an electron available for a covalent bond or electron exchange

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6
Q

Covalent Bond

A

Simultaneous attraction of 2 nuclei for a shared pair of bonding electrons
Normally forms between 2 nonmetals
Products are molecular substances

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7
Q

Orbital

A

Specific volume of space in which an electron of certain energy is likely to be found
May contain 2,1 or no electrons
Electrons “spread out” to occupy empty orbitals before forming electron pairs

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8
Q

Valence orbitals

A

Volumes of space that can be occupied by electrons in an atoms highest energy level

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9
Q

Bonding electrons

A

A single unpaired electron in a valence orbital that can be shared or exchanged with another atom

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10
Q

Lone Pair

A

2 valence electrons occupying the same orbital

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11
Q

First Energy Level

A

One orbital and 2 electrons

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12
Q

Other Energy Levels

A

4 orbitals and 8 electrons maximum

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13
Q

Octet Rule

A

Idea that a maximum of 8 electrons (4 pairs) can occupy orbitals in the valence level of an atom

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14
Q

Lewis Symbol

A

Simple model of the arrangement of valence electrons in atoms or monatomic ions in which the symbol for the elements represents the nucleus plus all the inner electrons and a single or paired dots represent valence electrons

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15
Q

How to Draw a Lewis Symbol

A
  1. Write the element Symbol (represent nucleus and bag filled energy levels)
  2. start by placing valence electrons singly into each four valence orbitals
  3. If additional locations are required for electrons once each orbital is half filled, start adding 2nd dots
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16
Q

Electronegativity

A

Describe the relative ability of an atom to attract a pair of bonding electrons in its valence level. Metals have low electronegativity, non-metals have high electronegativity’s
Ex: fluorine has the highest electronegativity being 4.0

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17
Q

Ionic Bonding

A

Refers generally only to the attraction between any specific cation and any specific anion

  • after electron transfers ions arrange themselves in positions where the maximum total attraction between positive and negative occurs> determines the ratio
  • arranges in a regular repeating 3D pattern (crystal lattice)
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18
Q

Metallic Bonding

A

Great number of positive ions surrounded by a sea of mobile electrons, where the valence electrons act like a glue that holds the whole structure together
*do not have to be in any particular arrangement to attract each other> allows for metals to be made into any convenient shape (malleable and ductile)

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19
Q

Molecular Elements

A

H2(g), N2(g), O2(g), F2(g), Cl2(g), I2(g), Br2(g), P4(s), S8(s)

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20
Q

Structural Formulas

A

Cl-Cl single
O=O double
Lone pairs are not indicated, each shared pair of bonding electrons is represented by a line, double bond is 2 lines, triple bond is 3 lines

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21
Q

Molecular compounds

A

Cannot usually be represented by a simplest ratio formula to distinguish between compounds it is necessary to represent them with molecular formulas (accurately represent actual composition of the smallest units of molecular compounds)

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22
Q

Empirical Formula of Water

A

H2O(l), shows a single molecule contains 2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom held together by covalent bonds

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23
Q

Double Covalent Bond

A

Explains empirically known molecular formulas such as O2(g), atoms share more than one bonding electron, double bond involves sharing of 2 pairs of electrons between 2 atoms, triple covalent bond involves sharing 2 atoms sharing 3 pairs of electrons
*oxygen, carbon, nitrogen can form more than one kind of covalent bond

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24
Q

Bonding Capacity

A

Maximum number of single covalent bonds that an atom can form
Ex: carbon has a bonding capacity of 4

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25
Q

Coordinate Covalent Bonds

A

A covalent bond in which one of the atoms donated both electrons

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26
Q

Ionic Compound Formulas

A

All have empirical formulas representing crystal lattice with a formula unit, shows only simplest number ratio of cations to anions

  • ion charges are omitted and must be memorized
  • molar mass: mass of a mole of a formula unit
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27
Q

Empirical Formula

A

CH2O, shows simplest whole #ratio of atoms in the compound

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28
Q

Molecular Formula

A

C2H4O2 or CH3OOH, shows actual number of atoms that are covalently bonded to make up each molecule, often has symbols written in a sequence that helps determine which atoms are bonded to which

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29
Q

Stereochemical Formula

A

3D structural formula, represents molecular shape

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30
Q

Central Atom

A

Atom to which all other atoms (peripheral atom) are bonded, usually the one with highest bonding capacity

31
Q

Valence Bond Theory

A

Successfully explained many of the atomic orientations in molecules and ions

32
Q

Stereochemistry

A

The study of 3D spatial configuration of molecular and how this affects their reactions

33
Q

VSPER theory

A

Valence-shell-elections-pair-repulsion theory
Based on electrical repulsion of bonded and unbonded electron pairs in a molecule, pairs of electrons in the valence shell of an atom stay as far apart as possible because of the repulsion of their negative charges, electron pairs can be counted by adding bonded atoms and lone pairs

34
Q

VSPER THEORY STATES

A
  • only valence electrons of the central atom are important for molecular shape
  • valence electrons are paired in a molecule or polyatomic ion
  • bonded pairs and lone pairs are treated equally
  • valence electron pairs repel each other electrostatic-ally
  • molecular shape is determined by positions of electrons pairs when maximum distance apart
35
Q

Linear

A

AX2
2 bonds and no lone pairs, move to opposite sides.
H–Be–H

36
Q

Trigonal Planar

A 
AX3, 3 bonds and 3 pairs of electrons around central atom
            H
             |
            B
           /   \
         H    H
37
Q

Tetrahedral

A 
AX4, four bonds, four pairs of electrons repelling around central atom 
            H
             |
            C
           ; ¥ \ 
         H H H
38
Q

Trigonal Pyramidal

A

AX3E, 3 bonding pairs and 1 lone pair
N
; ¥ \
H H H

39
Q

Angular (Vshaped)

A

AX2E2, 2 bonding pairs and 2 lone pairs
O
/ \
H H

40
Q

Linear Pt2 (tetrahedral arrangement)

A

AXE3, 1 bond pair and 3 lone pairs

H—F

41
Q

Multiple Bond in VSPER models

A

Molecule can contain a double covalent bond or triple covalent bond, react rapidly, shorter and stronger

42
Q

Polar Molecule

A

One in which the negative electron charge is not distributed symmetrically among atoms making up the molecule.
Partial positive + negative charges on opposite sides

43
Q

Non-polar Molecules

A

Molecule with symmetrical electron distribution

44
Q

Polar Molecule Rules

A

AB- diatomic different atoms (HCl)
NxAy- nitrogen +other atoms (NH3)
OxAy- oxygen + other atoms (H2O)
CxAyBz- carbon + 2 other atoms (CHCl3)

45
Q

Non-polar rules

A

Ax- all elements (Cl2)

CxAy- carbon + 1 other atom (CO2)

46
Q

Electronegativity rules

A

Increases with atoms farther to the right or higher up in a column in the periodic table

47
Q

Non-polar Covalent

A

When bonded atoms have same electronegativity will attract any shared electrons equally

48
Q

Polar Covalent Bond

A

If atoms have different electronegativitys, great the electronegativity difference the more polar the bond.
Can transfer 1 or more electrons to form cations and anions will group to form ionic compound with ionic bonding

49
Q

Partially negative

A

The Electrons that spend more time closer to one atomic nucleus than the other spend more time other = partially positive

50
Q

Bond dipole

A

The charge separation that occurs when the electronegativity difference of 2 bonded atoms shifts the shared electrons making one end partially positive and one end partially negative

51
Q

Polar Substances

A

Polar compounds are soluble in polar solvents=water, non-polar compounds are soluble in nonpolar solvents= grease and oils
Mixing nonpolar and polar substances will form layers with least dense liquid on top
*polar molecules attract more strongly and stay closer together this excludes nonpolar molecules

52
Q

Intermolecular forces

A

Forces of attraction and repulsion between molecules

53
Q

Van der Waals forces

A

Weak attractive forces that molecules exert on each other (includes London + dipole>dipole forces)
Much weaker than covalent bonds, responsible for what we physically observe about molecular substances, control physical behaviour (boiling point etc)

54
Q

Dipole-dipole force

A

Attraction between dipoles, due to simultaneous attraction between any dipole and surround dipoles
Extremely weak, have pronounced effect on ability of solvents to dissolve some solutes and not others
*strength depends on overall polarity of molecule

55
Q

London Forces (dispersion forces)

A

Simultaneous attraction between a momentary dipole in surrounding molecules, strength depends on #of electrons and distance between molecules

56
Q

Predicting Boiling point

A

As number of electrons increases, boiling point increases

Count electrons as an indicator of relative London force strength

57
Q

Isoelectronic Molecules

A

Molecules with the same number of electrons, predicted to have same strengths for London force or intermolecular future(provided shapes are similar)
More polar Molecule=stronger dipole-dipole force =higher boiling point
Greater number of electrons =higher boiling point

58
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

A hydrogen nucleus (a proton) could be shared between pairs of electrons on adjacent molecules results in strong intermolecular force.

  1. Hydrogen atom must be covalently bonded to another vey electronegative atom
  2. At least one lone pair of electrons on atoms bonded to hydrogen
    * any OH and NH bond
59
Q

Physical properties of liquids

A

Surface tension=acts like elastic skin (attraction downwards and sideways)
Meniscus+capillary action= attraction between like molecules (cohesion), and attraction between unlike molecules (adhesion)
Volatility= how rapidly it tends to evaporate

60
Q

Ionic Crystals

A

Ionic compounds with low solubility= rocks and minerals, ionic compounds are how reactive metals are found

61
Q

Formation of ionic compounds

A

Solid at SATP, held together in rigid structure involves collisions between metal and nonmetal atoms that results in transfer of electrons >cations + anions with filled valence energy levels

62
Q

Binary ionic compound

A

Reaction of metal + nonmetal

63
Q

Crystal Lattice

A

Arrangement of ions for a given compound, brittle due to ions cannot rearrange without breaking ordered structure of crystal Lattice apart
Simple structure, medium to high melting + boiling

64
Q

Cubic Fracture

A

Break along surfaces at 90 degrees to each other

65
Q

Sodium carbonate

A

Covalent bonds in each polyatomic ion, holds together as a group, cause group to act like monatomic ion
Complex, varying hardness and melting/boiling points

66
Q

Non directional

A

All positive ions attract all nearby negative ions chemical formula, shows only a formula unit expressing the simplest whole number ratio of ions

67
Q

Ionic crystals

A

All one structure

68
Q

Metallic Crystals

A

Shiny, silvery, flexible solids with good electrical and thermal conductivity.
Soft to hard, melting points are low to high
Continuous very compact crystalline structure, metallic bonding, low electronegativity, empty valence orbitals, electrostatic attractions

69
Q

Molecular Crystals

A

Solid Crystals with low melting point, not very hard, non conductive, regular Lattice and packed close, entities are neutral

70
Q

Covalent Network

A

(Diamond and quartz), very hard and brittle, high melting points, insoluble, non-conductors of electricity. Do not bend under pressure and seldom break

71
Q

Covalent Network

A

Network of covalent bonds, continuous bonding held every entity (atom) in the crystal together, very strong

72
Q

Carbon

A

3-D tetrahedral arrangements, layers of sheets, 60-atom spherical molecules, long thin tubes

73
Q

Semiconductors

A

Solid state sandwich of crystalline semiconductors used in transitors, Control electrical properties of covalent crystal to produce desired conductive properties
Highest energy levels are full of electrons unable to move, require little energy to jump from to next higher level

Chem 20 (8 decks)

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