Chapter 5-8

Question 1

Gender

Answer 1

The physical, social, and behavioral characteristics that are culturally associated with male and female roles and identity.

Question 2

X-Y Chromosomes

Answer 2

The 23rd pair of chromosomes is either going to look like an X which would make the child female or a Y which would make the child a male.

Question 3

Gender Identity

Answer 3

One’s sense of whether one is male and female, including a sense of what it means to be that gender.

Question 4

Gender Role

Answer 4

The behaviors expected of people related to their identity as men and women.

Question 5

Gender Schema

Answer 5

The cognitive frameworks for developing concepts of “male” and “female”; these frameworks guide our observations.

Question 6

Human Sexual Response Cycle

Answer 6

The typical pattern of human response to sexual stimulation; Excitement-> Plateau-> Orgasm-> Resolution.

Question 7

Condoms

Answer 7

Sexual contraception to help prevent pregnancy or STDs, may not work for STIs such as herpes.

Question 8

Sexual Orientation

Answer 8

One’s preferences as an object of sexual attraction.

Question 9

Sexual Attraction Males vs Females

Answer 9

Think more about sex, and find casual sex more acceptable.

Fear casual sex due to having more possible consequences such as pregnancy and STDs.

Question 10

Sensation

Answer 10

The brain receives input from the sensory organs.

Question 11

Perception

Answer 11

The brain makes sense out of the input from sensory organs.

Question 12

Bottom-Up Processing

Answer 12

Taking sensory information and assembling and integrating it.

Question 13

Top-Down Processing

Answer 13

Using models, ideas, and expectations to interpret sensory information.

Question 14

Sensory Adaption

Answer 14

To help detect novelty in our surroundings, our senses tune out a constant stimulus such as ticking or a clock or a rock in your shoe.

Question 15

Rods

Answer 15

Help us see the black and white actions in our peripheral view and in the dark.

Question 16

Cones

Answer 16

Help us see sharp colorful details in bright light.

Question 17

Retina

Answer 17

The part of the eye where the process of transduction into neural impulses to be sent out through the optic nerve occurs.

Question 18

Gestalt

Answer 18

A meaningful pattern/configuration forming a “whole” that is more than the sum of it’s parts.

Question 19

Sense of Hearing (Audition)

Answer 19

From sound in ear to perceiving pitch and locating sounds. Pinpoints frequency, amplitude, and complexity of sounds.

Question 20

Gate-Control Theory

Answer 20

A theory that hypothesizes that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain.

Question 21

Endorphins

Answer 21

Hormones that can be released by the body to reduce pain perception.

Question 22

Chemical Senses

Answer 22

Taste and Smell.

Question 23

Conduction Hearing Loss

Answer 23

When the middle ear isn’t conducting sound well to the cochlea.

Question 24

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Answer 24

When the receptor cells aren’t sending messages through the auditory nerves.

Question 25

Learning

Answer 25

The process of acquiring new and relatively enduring information or behaviors.

Question 26

Classical Conditioning

Answer 26

Learning to link two stimuli in a way that helps us anticipate an event to which we have a reaction. Involves respondent behavior, reflexive, automatic reactions such as fear or craving. Reactions with unconditioned stimuli become associated with neutral stimuli.

Question 27

Operant Conditioning

Answer 27

Changing behavior choices in response to consequences. Involves operant behavior; chosen behaviors which “operate” on the environment. The behaviors become associated with consequences which punish or reinforce operant behavior.

Question 28

Cognitive Learning

Answer 28

Acquiring new behaviors and info through observation rather that by direct experience.

Question 29

Extinction

Answer 29

The diminishing of a conditioned response.

Question 30

Reinforcement

Answer 30

To increase the behavior during a observation. After behavior is reinforced it is more likely to be tried again.

Question 31

Shaping

Answer 31

Guiding a creature toward the behavior by reward behavior that comes closer and closer to the desired behavior.

Question 32

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 32

Reward is adding something desirable.

Question 33

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 33

Reward is ending something unpleasant.

Question 34

Immediate Reinforcement

Answer 34

Positive reward directly after desired behavior. (Treat for dog after trick)

Question 35

Delayed Reinforcement

Answer 35

Positive reward well after desired behavior. (Pay Check)

Question 36

Punishment

Answer 36

Have the opposite effects of reinforcement. Make the target behavior less likely to occur in the future.

Question 37

Observational Learning

Answer 37

Watching what happens when other people show a certain behavior and learning from their experience.

Question 38

Memory

Answer 38

The persistence of learning over time, through the storage and retrieval of information and skills.

Question 39

Recall

Answer 39

Retrieving information previously learned and unconsciously stored.

Question 40

Recognition

Answer 40

Identify which stimuli match your stored information.

Question 41

Encoding

Answer 41

The information gets into our brains in a way that allows it to be stored.

Question 42

Short-Term Memory

Answer 42

Remembering something that you heard or saw recently.

Question 43

Explicit Memory

Answer 43

Facts and experiences that we can consciously know and recall.

Question 44

Procedural Memory

Answer 44

Memory such as knowing how to ride a bike, and other well practiced knowledge such as word meanings.

Question 45

Iconic Memory

Answer 45

Recollection of certain patterns of letters and number, introduced by George Sperling.

Question 46

Chunking

Answer 46

Organizing data into manageable units (grouping).

Question 47

Memory Loss

Answer 47

Damage to certain sections of the brain that can lead to loss of certain memories of the past.

Question 48

Flashbulb Memory

Answer 48

Emotionally intense events that become “burned in” as a vivid seeming memory.

Question 49

Eyewitness to Crime

Answer 49

Will have a strong memory of situations that are fearful or scary to them such as crimes.

Question 50

Stress and Memory

Answer 50

Stress can negatively affect memory because it can deeply affect how much your brain can retain.