Chapter 5 Flashcards
Phenotypic plasticity
The ability of an organism to produce different phenotypes depending on environmental conditions
Habituation and Sensitization
Two simple single stimulus forms of learning
Pavlovian conditioning experiments
Two stimuli:
The conditioned stimulus
Unconditioned stimulus
Conditioned stimulus
Stimulus that initially fails to elicit a response, only when a second stimulus is present
ex.blue stick
Unconditioned stimulus
A stimulus that elicits vigorous response in the absence of training
ex. Cat odor
Conditioned response
Response to stimulus
ex. Rat hiding
Appetitive stimulus
Positive, pleasant, or rewarding stimulus
Aversive stimulus
Unpleasant stimulus
Excitatory conditioning
Positive relationship between stimulus and condition
Inhibitory conditioning
Negative relationship
Ex. Light means no food
Overshadowing
When a stimulus retards the learning of a species
Second order conditioning
A new 3rd stimulus is introduced before the firsts to elicit the conditioned response
Operant conditioning
Learning that occurs when a response made by an animal is somehow award
Law of effect
Principle of psychology
Responses to stimuli that produce a satisfying or pleasant state of affairs in a particular situation or more likely to occur again for the response will strengthen the situation
Mechanisms of learning
Stimulus
Stimulus-Stimulus
Response reinforcer
Psychologist believe (Learning)
Learning is the same in all animals and the environment then organism and has no effect on learning
Adaptationist believe (Learning)
The Ability to learn should be under strong selection pressure
Extinction Curve
How long animals will remember some paired association once the pairing is stopped
David Stephen model of learning
- predictability within lifetime of an individual
- Predictability between the environment of parents and offspring
How do you learn your way home?
Landscapes Celestial and magnetic compasses Drifting currents Physiological change Odors
Chemical communication
Mongolian rats rely on chemical communication for many forms of social exchange
How do we learned to recognize familial relationship?
Facial features
Expression
Traits
Phenotypic effects (evolution)
- phenotypic effects of cultural evolution can be a witness with in a lifetime or within a few generations
- The phenotypic effects of genetic evolution occur less rapidly
Goege Romanes
Credited for being the first person to consider that cultural transmission plays a role in animal life
Local enhancement
A phenomenon in which an individual is drawing to a particular area because they observed another individual in that location but learned on its own
Migration
Social facilitation
When a model start to facilitate learning, Due to reduced for fear levels when in groups
Group study
Contagion (response facilitation effect)
A form of individual learning that consists of copying one’s behavior contagiously
Imitation
Goal directed mechanism by observing producing a novel response
Opportunity teaching
Teacher actively place students in a situation conducive to learning a new skill or acquiring knowledge
Coaching
Teacher directly altering the behavior of students by encouragement or punishment
3 modes of cultural transmission
Vertical cultural transmission- Info from parent to offspring
Horizontal cultural transmission- peer to peer
Oblique cul trans- across generations not via parent to offspring
