Chapter 5

Question 1

self-concept

Answer 1

The overall set of beliefs that people have about their personal attributes

Question 2

independent view of the self

Answer 2

a way of defining oneself in terms of one’s own internal thoughts feelings, and actions and not in terms of the thoughts feelings, and actions of other people

Question 3

what does the self do?

Answer 3

self-knowledge, self-control, impression management, self-esteem

Question 4

introspection

Answer 4

The process whereby people look inward and examine their own thoughts, feelings, and motives

Question 5

self-awareness theory

Answer 5

The idea that when people focus their attention on themselves, they evaluate and compare their behavior to their internal standards and values

Question 6

causal theories

Answer 6

Theories about the causes of one’s own feelings and behaviors; often we learn such theories from our culture (e.g., “absence makes the heart grow fonder”)

Question 7

self-perception theory

Answer 7

The theory that when our attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous, we infer these states by observing our behavior and the situation in which it occurs

Question 8

two-factor theory of emotion

Answer 8

The idea that emotional experience is the result of a two-step self-perception process in which people first experience physiological arousal and then seek an appropriate explanationfor it

Question 9

misattribution of arousal

Answer 9

The process whereby people make mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they do

Question 10

intrinsic motivation

Answer 10

The desire to engage in an activity because we enjoy it or find it interesting, not because of external rewards or pressures

Question 11

extrinsic motivation

Answer 11

The desire to engage in an activity because of external rewards or pressures, not because we enjoy the task or find it interesting

Question 12

overjustification effort

Answer 12

The tendency for people to view their behavior as caused by compelling extrinsic reasons, making them underestimate the extent to which it was caused by intrinsic reasons

Question 13

task-contigent rewards

Answer 13

Rewards that are given for performing a task, regardless of how well the task is done

Question 14

performance-contingent rewards

Answer 14

Rewards that are based on how well we perform a task

Question 15

fixed mindset

Answer 15

The idea that we have a set amount of an ability that cannot change

Question 16

growth mindset

Answer 16

The idea that achievement is the result of hard work, trying new strategies, and seeking input from others

Question 17

social comparison theory

Answer 17

The idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people

Question 18

upward social comparison

Answer 18

Comparing ourselves to people who are better than we are with regard to a particular trait or ability

Question 19

downward social comparison

Answer 19

Comparing ourselves to people who are worse than we are with regard to a particular trait or ability

Question 20

social tuning

Answer 20

The process whereby people adopt another person’s attitudes

Question 21

Interdependent view of the self

Answer 21

A way of defining oneself in terms of one’s relationships to other people, recognizing that one’s behavior is often determined by the thoughts, feelings, and actions of others

Question 22

self-control

Answer 22

The ability to subdue immediate desires to achieve long-term goals.