Chapter 12

Question 1

aggression

Answer 1

Intentional behavior aimed at causing physical harm or psychological pain to another person

Question 2

hostile aggression

Answer 2

Aggression stemming from feelings of anger with the goal of inflicting pain or injury

Question 3

instrumental aggression

Answer 3

Aggression that is done as a means to achieve some goal other than causing pain

Question 4

challenge hypothesis

Answer 4

Testosterone relates to aggression only when there are opportunities for reproduction

Question 5

dual-hormone hypothesis

Answer 5

Testosterone relates to dominance-seeking behavior only when the stress hormone, cortisol, is not elevated

Question 6

relational aggression

Answer 6

harming another person through the manipulation of relationships- usually in cover tacts as talking behind someone’s back, spreading rumors, shunning, and excluding that person

Question 7

social-cognitive learning theory

Answer 7

The theory that people learn social behavior (e.g., aggression or altruism) in large part through observation and imitation of others and by cognitive processes such as plans, expectations, and beliefs

Question 8

frustration-aggression theory

Answer 8

The theory that frustration—the perception that you are being prevented from attaining a goal—increases the probability of an aggressive response

Question 9

weapons effect

Answer 9

The increase in aggression that can occur because of the mere presence of a gun or other weapon

Question 10

catharsis

Answer 10

The notion that “blowing off steam”—by behaving aggressively or watching others do so—relieves built-up anger and aggressive energy and hence reduces the likelihood of further aggressive behavior

Question 11

sexual scripts

Answer 11

Sets of implicit rules that specify proper sexual behavior for a person in a given situation, varying with the person’s gender, age, religion, social status, and peer group