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Cambell Bio Ch 1 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

4 classes of large biological molecules

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

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2
Q

Macromolecules

A

Large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms

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3
Q

Polymers

A

Long molecules consisting of many similar building blocks

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4
Q

Monomers

A

Small repeating units that serve as building blocks for polymers

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5
Q

Dehydration Reaction

A

When two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule

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6
Q

Hydrolysis

A

When polymers are dissassembled to monomers reversing the dehydration reaction

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7
Q

Enzymes

A

Specialized macromolecules that act as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions such as dehydration reactions and hydrolysis

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8
Q

Carbohydrates

A

Include sugars and polymers of sugars. (Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides)

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9
Q

Monosaccharides

A

The simplest carbohydrate, or single sugars.
Molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CnH2nOn.
Classified by their location of the carbonyl group (aldose or ketos) & number of carbons in the carbon skeleton

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10
Q

Carbohydrate Macromolecules

A

Polysaccharides, which are polymers composed of many sugar building blocks

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11
Q

Disaccharides

A

Formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides.

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12
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Polymers of sugars, have storage and structural roles determined by its sugar monomers and the positions of glycosidic linkages.

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13
Q

Starch

A

A storage polysaccharide of plants - consists entirely of glucose monomers. (within chloroplasts & plastids)

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14
Q

Glycogen

A

A storage polysaccharide in animals. (within liver & muscle cells)

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15
Q

Cellulose

A

Polysaccharide that is a major component of the tough wall of plant cells. Alpha & Beta glucose rings.

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16
Q

Chitin

A

Structural Polysaccharide found in exoskeleton of arthhropods. Provides structural support of cell walls of many fungi.

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17
Q

Lipids

A

Do not form polymers. No affinity for water, they’re hydrophobic because they consist of hydrocarbons. Nonpolar covalent bonds.

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18
Q

The most biologically important Lipids

A

Fats, Phospholipids, and Steroids.

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19
Q

Fats

A

Constructed from glycerol and fatty acids

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20
Q

Glycerol

A

3 carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon.

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21
Q

Triacylglycerol

A

An ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids

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22
Q

Saturated Fatty Acids

A

Have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds. Straight chains. Results in solids and found in animals.

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23
Q

Unsaturated fatty Acids

A

Have one or more double bonds. Forms bent chains. Results in liquid form and found in plants and fish.

24
Q

Energy Storage

A

This is the main function of fats

25
Q

Phospholipids

A

two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol

26
Q

Phospholipid Bilayer

A

when phospholipids are added to water

27
Q

Steroids

A

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

28
Q

Cholesterol

A

Important steroid which is a common component in animal cell membranes that allows for fluidity of membranes. Building block for other steroids including hormones.

29
Q

Proteins

A

Biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides. They account for more than 50% of the dry mass of most cells.

30
Q

Enzymatic Proteins

A

Selective acceleration of chemical reactions (digestive)

31
Q

Enzymatic Proteins

A

Selective acceleration of chemical reactions (digestive)

32
Q

Defensive Proteins

A

Function: Protect against disease (Antibodies)

33
Q

Storage Proteins

A

Function: Storage of amino acids

34
Q

Transport Proteins

A

Function: Transport of substances

35
Q

Hormonal Proteins

A

Function: Coordination of an organism’s activities (Insulin)

36
Q

Receptor Proteins

A

Function: Response of cell to chemical stimuli

37
Q

Contractile and motor proteins

A

Function: Movement

38
Q

Structural Proteins

A

Function: Support

39
Q

Poypeptides

A

Unbranched polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids.

40
Q

Amino Acids

A

Organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups. Differing side chains (R groups)

41
Q

Peptide Bonds

A

Amino acids are linked by these causing dehydration reaction

42
Q

Functional protein

A

Consists of one or more polypeptides precisely twisted, folded, and coiled into a unique shape. This structure determines its function.

43
Q

Primary structure of protein

A

The primary structure of a protein refers to the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. The primary structure is held together by peptide bonds that are made during the process of protein biosynthesis.

44
Q

Secondary structure of protein

A

Consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain. Found in fibrous materials. Hydrogen bonds make these very strong. Spider Web.

45
Q

“Tertiary” structure of protein

A

Determined by interactions between R groups rather than interactions between backbone constituents.

46
Q

“Quaternary” structure of protein

A

Results when two or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule. (Collogen: 3 polypeptides & Hemoglobin: 4 polypeptides)

47
Q

Sickle-cell disease

A

Inherited blood disorder, results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin

48
Q

Denaturation

A

The loss of a protein’s native structure caused by alterations in pH, salt concentration, temperature etc…

49
Q

Chaperonins

A

Protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins.

50
Q

X-ray crystallography

A

Scientists use this to determine a protein’s structure. Another method is NMR

51
Q

Nucleic Acids

A

These store, transmit, and help express hereditary information.

52
Q

Gene

A

A unit of inheritance made of DNA, a nucleic acid made of monomers called nucleotides.

53
Q

DNA

A

This provides direction for its own replication.

54
Q

Polynucleotides

A

Nucleic acids that are polymers

55
Q

Nucleotides

A

Polynucleotides made of monomers consisting of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and one or more phosphate groups are called…

56
Q

Nucleoside

A

The portion of a nucleotide without the phosphate group is called…

Cambell Bio Ch 1 (6 decks)

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