Chapter 5

Question 1

4 classes of large biological molecules

Answer 1

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Question 2

Macromolecules

Answer 2

Large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms

Question 3

Polymers

Answer 3

Long molecules consisting of many similar building blocks

Question 4

Monomers

Answer 4

Small repeating units that serve as building blocks for polymers

Question 5

Dehydration Reaction

Answer 5

When two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule

Question 6

Hydrolysis

Answer 6

When polymers are dissassembled to monomers reversing the dehydration reaction

Question 7

Enzymes

Answer 7

Specialized macromolecules that act as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions such as dehydration reactions and hydrolysis

Question 8

Carbohydrates

Answer 8

Include sugars and polymers of sugars. (Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, and Polysaccharides)

Question 9

Monosaccharides

Answer 9

The simplest carbohydrate, or single sugars.
Molecular formulas that are usually multiples of CnH2nOn.
Classified by their location of the carbonyl group (aldose or ketos) & number of carbons in the carbon skeleton

Question 10

Carbohydrate Macromolecules

Answer 10

Polysaccharides, which are polymers composed of many sugar building blocks

Question 11

Disaccharides

Answer 11

Formed when a dehydration reaction joins two monosaccharides.

Question 12

Polysaccharides

Answer 12

Polymers of sugars, have storage and structural roles determined by its sugar monomers and the positions of glycosidic linkages.

Question 13

Starch

Answer 13

A storage polysaccharide of plants - consists entirely of glucose monomers. (within chloroplasts & plastids)

Question 14

Glycogen

Answer 14

A storage polysaccharide in animals. (within liver & muscle cells)

Question 15

Cellulose

Answer 15

Polysaccharide that is a major component of the tough wall of plant cells. Alpha & Beta glucose rings.

Question 16

Chitin

Answer 16

Structural Polysaccharide found in exoskeleton of arthhropods. Provides structural support of cell walls of many fungi.

Question 17

Lipids

Answer 17

Do not form polymers. No affinity for water, they’re hydrophobic because they consist of hydrocarbons. Nonpolar covalent bonds.

Question 18

The most biologically important Lipids

Answer 18

Fats, Phospholipids, and Steroids.

Question 19

Fats

Answer 19

Constructed from glycerol and fatty acids

Question 20

Glycerol

Answer 20

3 carbon alcohol with a hydroxyl group attached to each carbon.

Question 21

Triacylglycerol

Answer 21

An ester derived from glycerol and three fatty acids

Question 22

Saturated Fatty Acids

Answer 22

Have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible and no double bonds. Straight chains. Results in solids and found in animals.

Question 23

Unsaturated fatty Acids

Answer 23

Have one or more double bonds. Forms bent chains. Results in liquid form and found in plants and fish.

Question 24

Energy Storage

Answer 24

This is the main function of fats

Question 25

Phospholipids

Answer 25

two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol

Question 26

Phospholipid Bilayer

Answer 26

when phospholipids are added to water

Question 27

Steroids

Answer 27

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

Question 28

Cholesterol

Answer 28

Important steroid which is a common component in animal cell membranes that allows for fluidity of membranes. Building block for other steroids including hormones.

Question 29

Proteins

Answer 29

Biologically functional molecule that consists of one or more polypeptides. They account for more than 50% of the dry mass of most cells.

Question 30

Enzymatic Proteins

Answer 30

Selective acceleration of chemical reactions (digestive)

Question 31

Enzymatic Proteins

Answer 31

Selective acceleration of chemical reactions (digestive)

Question 32

Defensive Proteins

Answer 32

Function: Protect against disease (Antibodies)

Question 33

Storage Proteins

Answer 33

Function: Storage of amino acids

Question 34

Transport Proteins

Answer 34

Function: Transport of substances

Question 35

Hormonal Proteins

Answer 35

Function: Coordination of an organism's activities (Insulin)

Question 36

Receptor Proteins

Answer 36

Function: Response of cell to chemical stimuli

Question 37

Contractile and motor proteins

Answer 37

Function: Movement

Question 38

Structural Proteins

Answer 38

Function: Support

Question 39

Poypeptides

Answer 39

Unbranched polymers built from the same set of 20 amino acids.

Question 40

Amino Acids

Answer 40

Organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups. Differing side chains (R groups)

Question 41

Peptide Bonds

Answer 41

Amino acids are linked by these causing dehydration reaction

Question 42

Functional protein

Answer 42

Consists of one or more polypeptides precisely twisted, folded, and coiled into a unique shape. This structure determines its function.

Question 43

Primary structure of protein

Answer 43

The primary structure of a protein refers to the sequence of amino acids in the polypeptide chain. The primary structure is held together by peptide bonds that are made during the process of protein biosynthesis.

Question 44

Secondary structure of protein

Answer 44

Consists of coils and folds in the polypeptide chain. Found in fibrous materials. Hydrogen bonds make these very strong. Spider Web.

Question 45

"Tertiary" structure of protein

Answer 45

Determined by interactions between R groups rather than interactions between backbone constituents.

Question 46

"Quaternary" structure of protein

Answer 46

Results when two or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule. (Collogen: 3 polypeptides & Hemoglobin: 4 polypeptides)

Question 47

Sickle-cell disease

Answer 47

Inherited blood disorder, results from a single amino acid substitution in the protein hemoglobin

Question 48

Denaturation

Answer 48

The loss of a protein's native structure caused by alterations in pH, salt concentration, temperature etc...

Question 49

Chaperonins

Answer 49

Protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other proteins.

Question 50

X-ray crystallography

Answer 50

Scientists use this to determine a protein's structure. Another method is NMR

Question 51

Nucleic Acids

Answer 51

These store, transmit, and help express hereditary information.

Question 52

Gene

Answer 52

A unit of inheritance made of DNA, a nucleic acid made of monomers called nucleotides.

Question 53

DNA

Answer 53

This provides direction for its own replication.

Question 54

Polynucleotides

Answer 54

Nucleic acids that are polymers

Question 55

Nucleotides

Answer 55

Polynucleotides made of monomers consisting of a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar and one or more phosphate groups are called...

Question 56

Nucleoside

Answer 56

The portion of a nucleotide without the phosphate group is called...