Chapter 1 Flashcards
Evolution
Is a theory
It is the process of change that has transformed life on earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity of organisms living today
Biology
The scientific study of life. It’s central activities are posing questions bout the living world and seeking answers through scientific inquiry.
Properties of life
Order Evolutionary adaptation (b.b.) Regulation Energy processing Growth and development Response to the environment Reproduction
Themes of biology
Organization Information Energy and matter Interactions Evolution
Emergent properties
Are due to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.
Ex) Although photosynthesis occurs in an intact chloroplast, it will not take place in a disorganized test tube mixture of chlorophyll and other chloroplast molecules. The coordinated processes of photosynthesis require a specific organization of these molecules in he chloroplast.
How do we classify life?
By grouping organisms/creatures according to their similarities and their relationships to each other. Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Quantitative data
Generally expressed as numerical measurements and often organized into tables and graphs
Qualitative data
In the form of recorded descriptions rather than numerical measurements
Inductive reasoning
Through induction we derive generalizations from a large number of specific observations
Deductive reasoning
Involves logic that flows in the opposite direction, from the general to the specific.
“If-then logic”
Flagellum
Motility structure present in some animal cells composed of a cluster of microtubules within an extension of the plasma membrane
Centrosome
In animal cells, microtubules grow out from the centrosome. These microtubules function as compression resisting girders of the cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton
Reinforces in cell shape. Functions in cell movement. Components are made of protein.
Contains:
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Microvilli
Projections that increase the cells surface area
Microtubules
Hollow rods constructed from globular protein called tibulin. They shape and support the cell and also serve as tracks along which organelles equipped with motor proteins can move. They also guide vesicles from the er to golgi and from golgi to membrane.
Nucleus
The nucleus is the information center. It contains most of eukaryotic cells genes and is made of: Nuclear envelope Chromatin Nucleus Nuclear pores
Nuclear envelope
The double membrane that enclosed the nucleus separating t from the cytoplasm
Nucleolus
Here ribosomal RNA is synthesized from instructions in the DNA. Proteins are also imported here from the cytoplasm and are assembled with RNA into large and small subunits of ribosomes. They then exit through the nuclear pores to the cytoplasm.
Nuclear pores
Pores in the nuclear envelope. Through these pores subunits of ribosomes made in nucleolus are transported to the cytoplasm.
Chromatin
Material consisting of DNA and proteins
Smooth ER
Functions in diverse metabolic processes which vary with cell type. These processes include: Synthesizes lipids Metabolism of carbohydrates Detoxification of drugs and poisons Storage of calcium ions
Rough ER
Is studded with ribosomes. It produces proteins and helps them fold properly.
Ribosomes
Complexes that make proteins. Free in cytosol or bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope.
Lysosomes
Digestive organelles where macromolecules are hydrolyzed
Plasma membrane
The membrane that encloses the cell. Made of a phospholipid bilayer.
Vacuole
Digestion, storage, waste disposal, water balance, cell growth, and protection.
Mitochondrion
Cellular respiration. The powerhouse of the cell. Where ATP is made.
Chloroplast
Plant cells photosynthesis
Peroxidome
Contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from substrates to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide as a by product. Peroxide is converted to water by another enzyme can be used for detoxification.
Golgi apparatus
Shipping and receiving
A golgi stack receives and dispatches transport vesicles and the products they contain. A golgi stack has a structural and functional directionality with a cis face that receives vesicles containing ER products and a trans face that dispatches vesicles.
Microfilaments
Built from molecules of actin, a globular protein. Aids in maintaining structure.
Centriole pairs
Are found within the centrosomes. Are composed of microtubules. They aid in organization of microtubule assembly in cell.
Experiment
Involves manipulation of one factor in a system in order to see the effects of changing it
Variables
Factors that vary in an experiment
Both he factor that is manipulated and the effects that are measured are types of experimental variables.
Controlled excitement
One that is designed to compare an experimental group with a control group