Chapter 1 Flashcards
Evolution
Is a theory
It is the process of change that has transformed life on earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity of organisms living today
Biology
The scientific study of life. It’s central activities are posing questions bout the living world and seeking answers through scientific inquiry.
Properties of life
Order Evolutionary adaptation (b.b.) Regulation Energy processing Growth and development Response to the environment Reproduction
Themes of biology
Organization Information Energy and matter Interactions Evolution
Emergent properties
Are due to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.
Ex) Although photosynthesis occurs in an intact chloroplast, it will not take place in a disorganized test tube mixture of chlorophyll and other chloroplast molecules. The coordinated processes of photosynthesis require a specific organization of these molecules in he chloroplast.
How do we classify life?
By grouping organisms/creatures according to their similarities and their relationships to each other. Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Quantitative data
Generally expressed as numerical measurements and often organized into tables and graphs
Qualitative data
In the form of recorded descriptions rather than numerical measurements
Inductive reasoning
Through induction we derive generalizations from a large number of specific observations
Deductive reasoning
Involves logic that flows in the opposite direction, from the general to the specific.
“If-then logic”
Flagellum
Motility structure present in some animal cells composed of a cluster of microtubules within an extension of the plasma membrane
Centrosome
In animal cells, microtubules grow out from the centrosome. These microtubules function as compression resisting girders of the cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton
Reinforces in cell shape. Functions in cell movement. Components are made of protein.
Contains:
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
Microvilli
Projections that increase the cells surface area
Microtubules
Hollow rods constructed from globular protein called tibulin. They shape and support the cell and also serve as tracks along which organelles equipped with motor proteins can move. They also guide vesicles from the er to golgi and from golgi to membrane.
Nucleus
The nucleus is the information center. It contains most of eukaryotic cells genes and is made of: Nuclear envelope Chromatin Nucleus Nuclear pores
Nuclear envelope
The double membrane that enclosed the nucleus separating t from the cytoplasm
Nucleolus
Here ribosomal RNA is synthesized from instructions in the DNA. Proteins are also imported here from the cytoplasm and are assembled with RNA into large and small subunits of ribosomes. They then exit through the nuclear pores to the cytoplasm.
Nuclear pores
Pores in the nuclear envelope. Through these pores subunits of ribosomes made in nucleolus are transported to the cytoplasm.
Chromatin
Material consisting of DNA and proteins
Smooth ER
Functions in diverse metabolic processes which vary with cell type. These processes include: Synthesizes lipids Metabolism of carbohydrates Detoxification of drugs and poisons Storage of calcium ions
Rough ER
Is studded with ribosomes. It produces proteins and helps them fold properly.
Ribosomes
Complexes that make proteins. Free in cytosol or bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope.
Lysosomes
Digestive organelles where macromolecules are hydrolyzed
Plasma membrane
The membrane that encloses the cell. Made of a phospholipid bilayer.
Vacuole
Digestion, storage, waste disposal, water balance, cell growth, and protection.
Mitochondrion
Cellular respiration. The powerhouse of the cell. Where ATP is made.
Chloroplast
Plant cells photosynthesis
Peroxidome
Contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from substrates to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide as a by product. Peroxide is converted to water by another enzyme can be used for detoxification.
Golgi apparatus
Shipping and receiving
A golgi stack receives and dispatches transport vesicles and the products they contain. A golgi stack has a structural and functional directionality with a cis face that receives vesicles containing ER products and a trans face that dispatches vesicles.
Microfilaments
Built from molecules of actin, a globular protein. Aids in maintaining structure.
Centriole pairs
Are found within the centrosomes. Are composed of microtubules. They aid in organization of microtubule assembly in cell.
Experiment
Involves manipulation of one factor in a system in order to see the effects of changing it
Variables
Factors that vary in an experiment
Both he factor that is manipulated and the effects that are measured are types of experimental variables.
Controlled excitement
One that is designed to compare an experimental group with a control group
Independent variable
The variable which is controlled by the experimenters
Dependent variables
The outcome, the factor that is measured in the experiment
Domain bacteria and archaea consists of
Prokaryotes
Levels of biological organization
Biosphere Ecosystem Communities Populations Organisms Organs and organ systems Tissues Cells Organelles Molecules
Biosphere
All life on earth and all places life exists
Ecosystems
Consists of all living things in a particular area, along with all non living components of the environment with which life interacts
Communities
The array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystems. No nonliving things.
Populations
Consists of all the individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specified area.
Organisms
Individual living things
Organs and organ systems
The organs of complex animals and plants are organized into organ systems
Tissues
Tissues are what organs are made of. They work together to perform a specific function.
Cells
The cell is life’s fundamental unit of structure and function
Organelles
Functional components present in cells
Molecules
A molecule is a chemical structure consisting of two or more units called atoms
Isomer
Compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties
Structural isomers
Differ in covalent arrangements of their atoms.
Ex) some may have straight skeletons and others branched.
Cis-trans isomers
Carbons have covalent binds to same atoms but these atoms differ in their spatial arrangements due to the inflexibility of double bonds
Cis isomer
The arrangement of. It’s x on same side of double bond
Trans isomer
X on opposite sides
Enantiomers
Isomers that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of asymmetric carbon, middle carbon of four attachments.
Mass number
Number of protons + neutrons
Atomic number
Number of protons
Atomic nucleus
Made up of protons and neutrons
Isotope
All atoms of a given element have the same number of protons, but some atoms have more neutrons than other atoms of the same element. These are isotopes.
Element
A substance that can’t be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions
Compound
Is a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a mixed ratio
Subatomic particles
a particle smaller than an atom (e.g., a neutron) or a cluster of such particles (e.g., an alpha particle).
Protons, neutrons, electrons
Outer electrons
The electrons in the outermost occupied shell (or shells) determine the chemical properties of the atom; it is called the valence shell. Each shell consists of one or more subshells, and each subshell consists of one or more atomic orbitals.
Outer shell
Valence shell
Orbital
3 dimensional space an electron is found 90% of the time
each of the actual or potential patterns of electron density that may be formed in an atom or molecule by one or more electrons, and that can be represented as a wave function
Covalent bond
Sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.
A covalent bond, also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs, and the stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms, when they share electrons, is known as covalent bonding
Double bond
Sharing two pairs of electrons
Single bond
Sharing one pair of electrons
Valence
The binding capacity of an atom
Electronegativity
The more electronegative an atom is the more strongly it pulls shared electrons toward itself
Ionic bonds
When two atoms are so unequal in their attraction for valence electrons that the more electronegative atom strips an electron completely away from its partner.
Ions
Resulting ions from an electronegative stripping of electrons
Cation
Positive
Anion
Negative
Any two ions or opposite charge can form
Ionic bonds
Hydrogen bonds
a weak chemical bond between an electronegative atom, such as fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen, and a hydrogen atom bound to another electronegative atom. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for the properties of water and many biological molecules.
Polar covalent bonds
Polar covalent bonding is a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms
Non-polar covalent bonds
Nonpolar covalent bonds are a type of chemical bond where two atoms share a pair of electrons with each other
No more than two electrons can…
Occupy a single orbital
The strongest of chemical bonds are
Ionic and covalent
96% of life is made up of what?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
4 emergent properties of water
Cohesion of water molecules
Moderation of temperature by water
Floating of ice on water
It’s the solvent of life
Water molecules are linked together by multiple hydrogen bonds, which makes water more structured than most liquids. Cohesion, due to hydrogen bonding, contributes to the transport of water and dissolved nutrients against gravity in plants
Cohesion of water
When hydrogen bonds hold the substance together
Adhesion of water
The clinging of one substance to another. Adhesion of water by hydrogen bonds to the molecules cells walls and helps counter the downward pull of gravity.
Surface tension
A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid.
Kinetic energy
The energy of motion
Thermal energy
The kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules. Related to temperature, but not the same thing.
Temperature
Is a measure of energy that represents the average kinetic energy of the m
a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object
