Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Cambell Bio Ch 1 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Evolution

A

Is a theory
It is the process of change that has transformed life on earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity of organisms living today

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Biology

A

The scientific study of life. It’s central activities are posing questions bout the living world and seeking answers through scientific inquiry.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Properties of life

A 
Order
Evolutionary adaptation (b.b.)
Regulation
Energy processing 
Growth and development 
Response to the environment 
Reproduction
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Themes of biology

A 
Organization
Information
Energy and matter 
Interactions
Evolution
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Emergent properties

A

Are due to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases.

Ex) Although photosynthesis occurs in an intact chloroplast, it will not take place in a disorganized test tube mixture of chlorophyll and other chloroplast molecules. The coordinated processes of photosynthesis require a specific organization of these molecules in he chloroplast.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How do we classify life?

A 
By grouping organisms/creatures according to their similarities and their relationships to each other. 
Domain 
Kingdom 
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Quantitative data

A

Generally expressed as numerical measurements and often organized into tables and graphs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Qualitative data

A

In the form of recorded descriptions rather than numerical measurements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Inductive reasoning

A

Through induction we derive generalizations from a large number of specific observations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Deductive reasoning

A

Involves logic that flows in the opposite direction, from the general to the specific.
“If-then logic”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Flagellum

A

Motility structure present in some animal cells composed of a cluster of microtubules within an extension of the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Centrosome

A

In animal cells, microtubules grow out from the centrosome. These microtubules function as compression resisting girders of the cytoskeleton

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Reinforces in cell shape. Functions in cell movement. Components are made of protein.

Contains:
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Microvilli

A

Projections that increase the cells surface area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Microtubules

A

Hollow rods constructed from globular protein called tibulin. They shape and support the cell and also serve as tracks along which organelles equipped with motor proteins can move. They also guide vesicles from the er to golgi and from golgi to membrane.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Nucleus

A 
The nucleus is the information center. It contains most of eukaryotic cells genes and is made of:
Nuclear envelope
Chromatin 
Nucleus 
Nuclear pores
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

The double membrane that enclosed the nucleus separating t from the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Nucleolus

A

Here ribosomal RNA is synthesized from instructions in the DNA. Proteins are also imported here from the cytoplasm and are assembled with RNA into large and small subunits of ribosomes. They then exit through the nuclear pores to the cytoplasm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Nuclear pores

A

Pores in the nuclear envelope. Through these pores subunits of ribosomes made in nucleolus are transported to the cytoplasm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Chromatin

A

Material consisting of DNA and proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Smooth ER

A 
Functions in diverse metabolic processes which vary with cell type.  
These processes include:
Synthesizes lipids
Metabolism of carbohydrates 
Detoxification of drugs and poisons 
Storage of calcium ions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Rough ER

A

Is studded with ribosomes. It produces proteins and helps them fold properly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Ribosomes

A

Complexes that make proteins. Free in cytosol or bound to rough ER or nuclear envelope.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Lysosomes

A

Digestive organelles where macromolecules are hydrolyzed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Plasma membrane

A

The membrane that encloses the cell. Made of a phospholipid bilayer.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Vacuole

A

Digestion, storage, waste disposal, water balance, cell growth, and protection.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Mitochondrion

A

Cellular respiration. The powerhouse of the cell. Where ATP is made.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Chloroplast

A

Plant cells photosynthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Peroxidome

A

Contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen atoms from substrates to oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide as a by product. Peroxide is converted to water by another enzyme can be used for detoxification.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

Shipping and receiving
A golgi stack receives and dispatches transport vesicles and the products they contain. A golgi stack has a structural and functional directionality with a cis face that receives vesicles containing ER products and a trans face that dispatches vesicles.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Microfilaments

A

Built from molecules of actin, a globular protein. Aids in maintaining structure.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Centriole pairs

A

Are found within the centrosomes. Are composed of microtubules. They aid in organization of microtubule assembly in cell.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Experiment

A

Involves manipulation of one factor in a system in order to see the effects of changing it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Variables

A

Factors that vary in an experiment

Both he factor that is manipulated and the effects that are measured are types of experimental variables.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Controlled excitement

A

One that is designed to compare an experimental group with a control group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Independent variable

A

The variable which is controlled by the experimenters

37
Q

Dependent variables

A

The outcome, the factor that is measured in the experiment

38
Q

Domain bacteria and archaea consists of

A

Prokaryotes

39
Q

Levels of biological organization

A 
Biosphere 
Ecosystem
Communities 
Populations
Organisms 
Organs and organ systems
Tissues 
Cells
Organelles 
Molecules
40
Q

Biosphere

A

All life on earth and all places life exists

41
Q

Ecosystems

A

Consists of all living things in a particular area, along with all non living components of the environment with which life interacts

42
Q

Communities

A

The array of organisms inhabiting a particular ecosystems. No nonliving things.

43
Q

Populations

A

Consists of all the individuals of a species living within the bounds of a specified area.

44
Q

Organisms

A

Individual living things

45
Q

Organs and organ systems

A

The organs of complex animals and plants are organized into organ systems

46
Q

Tissues

A

Tissues are what organs are made of. They work together to perform a specific function.

47
Q

Cells

A

The cell is life’s fundamental unit of structure and function

48
Q

Organelles

A

Functional components present in cells

49
Q

Molecules

A

A molecule is a chemical structure consisting of two or more units called atoms

50
Q

Isomer

A

Compounds that have the same numbers of atoms of the same elements but different structures and hence different properties

51
Q

Structural isomers

A

Differ in covalent arrangements of their atoms.

Ex) some may have straight skeletons and others branched.

52
Q

Cis-trans isomers

A

Carbons have covalent binds to same atoms but these atoms differ in their spatial arrangements due to the inflexibility of double bonds

53
Q

Cis isomer

A

The arrangement of. It’s x on same side of double bond

54
Q

Trans isomer

A

X on opposite sides

55
Q

Enantiomers

A

Isomers that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the presence of asymmetric carbon, middle carbon of four attachments.

56
Q

Mass number

A

Number of protons + neutrons

57
Q

Atomic number

A

Number of protons

58
Q

Atomic nucleus

A

Made up of protons and neutrons

59
Q

Isotope

A

All atoms of a given element have the same number of protons, but some atoms have more neutrons than other atoms of the same element. These are isotopes.

60
Q

Element

A

A substance that can’t be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions

61
Q

Compound

A

Is a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a mixed ratio

62
Q

Subatomic particles

A

a particle smaller than an atom (e.g., a neutron) or a cluster of such particles (e.g., an alpha particle).

Protons, neutrons, electrons

63
Q

Outer electrons

A

The electrons in the outermost occupied shell (or shells) determine the chemical properties of the atom; it is called the valence shell. Each shell consists of one or more subshells, and each subshell consists of one or more atomic orbitals.

64
Q

Outer shell

A

Valence shell

65
Q

Orbital

A

3 dimensional space an electron is found 90% of the time

each of the actual or potential patterns of electron density that may be formed in an atom or molecule by one or more electrons, and that can be represented as a wave function

66
Q

Covalent bond

A

Sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.

A covalent bond, also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms. These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs, and the stable balance of attractive and repulsive forces between atoms, when they share electrons, is known as covalent bonding

67
Q

Double bond

A

Sharing two pairs of electrons

68
Q

Single bond

A

Sharing one pair of electrons

69
Q

Valence

A

The binding capacity of an atom

70
Q

Electronegativity

A

The more electronegative an atom is the more strongly it pulls shared electrons toward itself

71
Q

Ionic bonds

A

When two atoms are so unequal in their attraction for valence electrons that the more electronegative atom strips an electron completely away from its partner.

72
Q

Ions

A

Resulting ions from an electronegative stripping of electrons

73
Q

Cation

A

Positive

74
Q

Anion

A

Negative

75
Q

Any two ions or opposite charge can form

A

Ionic bonds

76
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

a weak chemical bond between an electronegative atom, such as fluorine, oxygen, or nitrogen, and a hydrogen atom bound to another electronegative atom. Hydrogen bonds are responsible for the properties of water and many biological molecules.

77
Q

Polar covalent bonds

A

Polar covalent bonding is a type of chemical bond where a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms

78
Q

Non-polar covalent bonds

A

Nonpolar covalent bonds are a type of chemical bond where two atoms share a pair of electrons with each other

79
Q

No more than two electrons can…

A

Occupy a single orbital

80
Q

The strongest of chemical bonds are

A

Ionic and covalent

81
Q

96% of life is made up of what?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

82
Q

4 emergent properties of water

A

Cohesion of water molecules
Moderation of temperature by water
Floating of ice on water
It’s the solvent of life

Water molecules are linked together by multiple hydrogen bonds, which makes water more structured than most liquids. Cohesion, due to hydrogen bonding, contributes to the transport of water and dissolved nutrients against gravity in plants

83
Q

Cohesion of water

A

When hydrogen bonds hold the substance together

84
Q

Adhesion of water

A

The clinging of one substance to another. Adhesion of water by hydrogen bonds to the molecules cells walls and helps counter the downward pull of gravity.

85
Q

Surface tension

A

A measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid.

86
Q

Kinetic energy

A

The energy of motion

87
Q

Thermal energy

A

The kinetic energy associated with the random movement of atoms or molecules. Related to temperature, but not the same thing.

88
Q

Temperature

A

Is a measure of energy that represents the average kinetic energy of the m

a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object

Cambell Bio Ch 1 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions