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Oceanography > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Water on Earth exists naturally as a ____, _____ and ____

A

Solid; liquid; gas

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2
Q

_____ chemical bonds connect Oxygen and Hydrogen atoms at ____ to form a______.

A

Covalent; 105 degree; dipolar water molecule

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3
Q

Water molecules weaken _____ chemical bonds and can _____ more substances than any other liquid
- Water is the ______

A

ionic; dissolve; Universal Solvent

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4
Q

_______ between water molecules make water both ______ and _____.
- water has the highest surface tension of any liquid

A

Hydrogen Bonds; Cohesive; Adhesive

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5
Q
  • ______ is the energy transfer (both kinetic and potential) from one body to another due to a difference in temperature
  • _____ is the direct measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules
  • A _____ is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree C
  • _______ is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of any substance by 1 degree Celsius
A

Heat; Temperature; Calorie; Heat Capacity

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6
Q

Water has a high ________ and very slowly
changes temperature as it gains or loses heat
-The amount of heat energy required to raise
the temperature of 1 gram of any substance by 1 degree Celsius

A

Heat Capacity*

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7
Q

Rocks have a low ______ and very quickly change temperatures as they gain or lose heat

A

Heat Capacity

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8
Q

Oceans moderate changes in coastal air temperature, _________

A

which directly affects Earth’s climate

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9
Q

Water __________ is controlled by

  • Temperature ____________
  • Salinity ____________
  • Pressure ____________
A
  • density
  • If T goes up D goes down
  • If S goes up D goes up
  • If P goes up D goes up
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10
Q

Water density ______ as temperature decreases (normal)

A

increases

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11
Q

Water density _______ as temperature decreases from 4 degree C to 0 degree C (not normal)

A

decreases

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12
Q

At 0 degree C water is a solid and ______ than liquid water

- It floats dammit!

A

less dense

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13
Q

______ is the total amount of solid material dissolved in seawater

A

Salinity

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14
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ make up 99% of all dissolved solids in seawater
Element              Concentration
Chloride                 19.20 ‰
Sodium                  10.62 ‰
Sulfate                    2.66 ‰
Magnesium             1.28 ‰
Calcium                  0.40 ‰
Potassium              0.38 ‰
Other                      0.25 ‰
Total                      34.8 ‰
A

Six Elements

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15
Q

The source of most sea salt is the _______ and _____

A

weathering of continental rocks; volcanic eruptions

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16
Q

Typical seawater salinity is about:

  • 3.5% (3.5 parts per ______)
  • 35 ‰ (35 parts per ______)
A

hundred; thousand

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17
Q
  • The ______ is 280‰

- The ______ is 330‰

A

Great Salt Lake; Dead Sea

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18
Q

Surface salinity in the open ocean ranges from ____ to ______

A

33‰; 38‰

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19
Q 
Processes that increase or
decrease ocean salinity
- \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
- \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
- Add Salt
- Remove Salt
A

Add Water; Remove Water

20
Q

The ocean is stratified by density. list three:

A

Surface Zone; pycnocline; Deep Zone

21
Q

The ________ is a layer of rapidly changing density

  • called a ________ if density change is due to temperature
  • called a _____ if density change is due to salinity
A

Pycnocline; Thermocline; Halocline

22
Q

The ________ are ______ and _______

A

Polar Oceans; Isothermal; Isopycnal

23
Q

A _________ is used to measure conductivity (salinity), temperature, and hydrostatic pressure (depth) of seawater

A

CTD (or sonde)

24
Q

The _____ of typical seawater is ~ 8.1
If pH _ 7 = _____ (excess H + ions)
If pH _ 7 = _____ (excess OH - ions)
If pH _ 7 = _____

A
  • pH * - Potential of Hydrogen or Concentration of Hydrogen Ions.
    < = Acidic
    > = Alkaline
    = = Neutral
25
Q

______ and or ______ of CaCO3 buffers the pH of seawater

- _______ and ______ are made CaCO3

A

Precipitation; Dissolution

Coccolithophores; Foraminifera

26
Q

The _______shows the ocean is well mixed

A

Principle of Constant Proportions

27
Q

Global Warming may be influencing ocean surface ______ and _____

A

temperature; salinity

28
Q 
1) The bonds that hold adjacent water molecules together
A) protons
B) hydrogen bonds
C) neutrons
D) atoms
E) polarity
AB) covalent bonds
AC) ions
AD) electrons
A

hydrogen bonds

29
Q 
2) The bonds that involve the sharing of electrons between atoms
A) protons
B) hydrogen bonds
C) neutrons
D) atoms
E) polarity
AB) covalent bonds
AC) ions
AD) electrons
A

covalent bonds

30
Q 
3) The basic building blocks of all matter
A) protons
B) hydrogen bonds
C) neutrons
D) atoms
E) polarity
AB) covalent bonds
AC) ions
AD) electrons
A

atoms

31
Q 
4) Charged atoms due to the gain or loss of one or more electrons
A) protons
B) hydrogen bonds
C) neutrons
D) atoms
E) polarity
AB) covalent bonds
G) ions
AD) electrons
A

ions

32
Q 
5) Negatively charged subatomic particles that orbit an atomic nucleus
A) protons
B) hydrogen bonds
C) neutrons
D) atoms
E) polarity
AB) covalent bonds
AC) ions
AD) electrons
A

electrons

33
Q 
6) A change in state from solid to gas
A) evaporation
B) halocline
C) isocline
D) sublimation
E) thermocline
AB) deposition
AC) pycnocline
AD) condensation
A

sublimation

34
Q 
7) A change in state from gas to liquid
A) evaporation
B) halocline
C) isocline
D) sublimation
E) thermocline
AB) deposition
AC) pycnocline
AD) condensation
A

?????condensation

35
Q 
8) A change in state from liquid to gas
A) evaporation
B) halocline
C) isocline
D) sublimation
E) thermocline
AB) deposition
AC) pycnocline
AD) condensation
A

evaporation

36
Q 
9) An area of rapid change in density with slight change in depth
A) evaporation
B) halocline
C) isocline
D) sublimation
E) thermocline
AB) deposition
AC) pycnocline
AD) condensation
A

pycnocline

37
Q 
10) area of rapid change in salinity with slight change in depth
A) evaporation
B) halocline
C) isocline
D) sublimation
E) thermocline
AB) deposition
AC) pycnocline
AD) condensation
A

halocline

38
Q

11) evaporation
A) does not change seawater salinity
B) increases seawater salinity
C) decreases seawater salinity

A

?????increases seawater salinity

39
Q

12) high temperature
A) does not change seawater salinity
B) increases seawater salinity
C) decreases seawater salinity

A

???????

40
Q

13) precipitation
A) does not change seawater salinity
B) increases seawater salinity
C) decreases seawater salinity

A

?????decreases seawater salinity

41
Q

14) river input
A) does not change seawater salinity
B) increases seawater salinity
C) decreases seawater salinity

A

???????

42
Q

15) sea ice formation
A) does not change seawater salinity
B) increases seawater salinity
C) decreases seawater salinity

A

??????

43
Q

Students sometimes ask…What is the strategy behind adding salt to a pot of water when making pasta? Does it make the water boil faster?

A
  • it does not make the water boil faster
  • it boils water at a slightly higher temperature
  • pasta will cook at slightly less time and adds taste
44
Q

Students sometimes ask…What would happen to a person if he or she drank seawater?

A
  • depends on quantity
  • salinity of seawater > body fluids (4x)
  • Seawater causes internal membranes to lose water through osmosis
  • transports water molecules from higher concentrations to areas of lower concentrations
  • natural body fluids will move into your digestive tract eventually will be expelled, causing dehydration
  • seawater contains no fat, cholesterol, and calories
45
Q

Students sometimes ask…You mentioned that when seawater freezes, it produces ice with about 10‰ salinity. Once that ice melts, can a person drink it with no ill effects?

A
  • traps significant amount of brine (drops of salty water)
  • newly formed ice total salinity from 4 to 15‰
  • more rapid=more brine & higher salinity
  • ice (high salinity) does not taste very good & causes dehydration (not as quickly as 35‰ seawater)
  • overtime, brine trickles down, salinity decreases
  • a year old=becomes relatively pure

Oceanography (7 decks)

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