Chapter 5 Flashcards
Water on Earth exists naturally as a ____, _____ and ____
Solid; liquid; gas
_____ chemical bonds connect Oxygen and Hydrogen atoms at ____ to form a______.
Covalent; 105 degree; dipolar water molecule
Water molecules weaken _____ chemical bonds and can _____ more substances than any other liquid
- Water is the ______
ionic; dissolve; Universal Solvent
_______ between water molecules make water both ______ and _____.
- water has the highest surface tension of any liquid
Hydrogen Bonds; Cohesive; Adhesive
- ______ is the energy transfer (both kinetic and potential) from one body to another due to a difference in temperature
- _____ is the direct measure of the average kinetic energy of molecules
- A _____ is the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree C
- _______ is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of any substance by 1 degree Celsius
Heat; Temperature; Calorie; Heat Capacity
Water has a high ________ and very slowly
changes temperature as it gains or loses heat
-The amount of heat energy required to raise
the temperature of 1 gram of any substance by 1 degree Celsius
Heat Capacity*
Rocks have a low ______ and very quickly change temperatures as they gain or lose heat
Heat Capacity
Oceans moderate changes in coastal air temperature, _________
which directly affects Earth’s climate
Water __________ is controlled by
- Temperature ____________
- Salinity ____________
- Pressure ____________
- density
- If T goes up D goes down
- If S goes up D goes up
- If P goes up D goes up
Water density ______ as temperature decreases (normal)
increases
Water density _______ as temperature decreases from 4 degree C to 0 degree C (not normal)
decreases
At 0 degree C water is a solid and ______ than liquid water
- It floats dammit!
less dense
______ is the total amount of solid material dissolved in seawater
Salinity
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ make up 99% of all dissolved solids in seawater Element Concentration Chloride 19.20 ‰ Sodium 10.62 ‰ Sulfate 2.66 ‰ Magnesium 1.28 ‰ Calcium 0.40 ‰ Potassium 0.38 ‰ Other 0.25 ‰ Total 34.8 ‰
Six Elements
The source of most sea salt is the _______ and _____
weathering of continental rocks; volcanic eruptions
Typical seawater salinity is about:
- 3.5% (3.5 parts per ______)
- 35 ‰ (35 parts per ______)
hundred; thousand
- The ______ is 280‰
- The ______ is 330‰
Great Salt Lake; Dead Sea
Surface salinity in the open ocean ranges from ____ to ______
33‰; 38‰
Processes that increase or decrease ocean salinity - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - Add Salt - Remove Salt
Add Water; Remove Water
The ocean is stratified by density. list three:
Surface Zone; pycnocline; Deep Zone
The ________ is a layer of rapidly changing density
- called a ________ if density change is due to temperature
- called a _____ if density change is due to salinity
Pycnocline; Thermocline; Halocline
The ________ are ______ and _______
Polar Oceans; Isothermal; Isopycnal
A _________ is used to measure conductivity (salinity), temperature, and hydrostatic pressure (depth) of seawater
CTD (or sonde)
The _____ of typical seawater is ~ 8.1
If pH _ 7 = _____ (excess H + ions)
If pH _ 7 = _____ (excess OH - ions)
If pH _ 7 = _____
- pH * - Potential of Hydrogen or Concentration of Hydrogen Ions.
< = Acidic
> = Alkaline
= = Neutral
______ and or ______ of CaCO3 buffers the pH of seawater
- _______ and ______ are made CaCO3
Precipitation; Dissolution
Coccolithophores; Foraminifera
The _______shows the ocean is well mixed
Principle of Constant Proportions
Global Warming may be influencing ocean surface ______ and _____
temperature; salinity
1) The bonds that hold adjacent water molecules together A) protons B) hydrogen bonds C) neutrons D) atoms E) polarity AB) covalent bonds AC) ions AD) electrons
hydrogen bonds
2) The bonds that involve the sharing of electrons between atoms A) protons B) hydrogen bonds C) neutrons D) atoms E) polarity AB) covalent bonds AC) ions AD) electrons
covalent bonds
3) The basic building blocks of all matter A) protons B) hydrogen bonds C) neutrons D) atoms E) polarity AB) covalent bonds AC) ions AD) electrons
atoms
4) Charged atoms due to the gain or loss of one or more electrons A) protons B) hydrogen bonds C) neutrons D) atoms E) polarity AB) covalent bonds G) ions AD) electrons
ions
5) Negatively charged subatomic particles that orbit an atomic nucleus A) protons B) hydrogen bonds C) neutrons D) atoms E) polarity AB) covalent bonds AC) ions AD) electrons
electrons
6) A change in state from solid to gas A) evaporation B) halocline C) isocline D) sublimation E) thermocline AB) deposition AC) pycnocline AD) condensation
sublimation
7) A change in state from gas to liquid A) evaporation B) halocline C) isocline D) sublimation E) thermocline AB) deposition AC) pycnocline AD) condensation
?????condensation
8) A change in state from liquid to gas A) evaporation B) halocline C) isocline D) sublimation E) thermocline AB) deposition AC) pycnocline AD) condensation
evaporation
9) An area of rapid change in density with slight change in depth A) evaporation B) halocline C) isocline D) sublimation E) thermocline AB) deposition AC) pycnocline AD) condensation
pycnocline
10) area of rapid change in salinity with slight change in depth A) evaporation B) halocline C) isocline D) sublimation E) thermocline AB) deposition AC) pycnocline AD) condensation
halocline
11) evaporation
A) does not change seawater salinity
B) increases seawater salinity
C) decreases seawater salinity
?????increases seawater salinity
12) high temperature
A) does not change seawater salinity
B) increases seawater salinity
C) decreases seawater salinity
???????
13) precipitation
A) does not change seawater salinity
B) increases seawater salinity
C) decreases seawater salinity
?????decreases seawater salinity
14) river input
A) does not change seawater salinity
B) increases seawater salinity
C) decreases seawater salinity
???????
15) sea ice formation
A) does not change seawater salinity
B) increases seawater salinity
C) decreases seawater salinity
??????
Students sometimes ask…What is the strategy behind adding salt to a pot of water when making pasta? Does it make the water boil faster?
- it does not make the water boil faster
- it boils water at a slightly higher temperature
- pasta will cook at slightly less time and adds taste
Students sometimes ask…What would happen to a person if he or she drank seawater?
- depends on quantity
- salinity of seawater > body fluids (4x)
- Seawater causes internal membranes to lose water through osmosis
- transports water molecules from higher concentrations to areas of lower concentrations
- natural body fluids will move into your digestive tract eventually will be expelled, causing dehydration
- seawater contains no fat, cholesterol, and calories
Students sometimes ask…You mentioned that when seawater freezes, it produces ice with about 10‰ salinity. Once that ice melts, can a person drink it with no ill effects?
- traps significant amount of brine (drops of salty water)
- newly formed ice total salinity from 4 to 15‰
- more rapid=more brine & higher salinity
- ice (high salinity) does not taste very good & causes dehydration (not as quickly as 35‰ seawater)
- overtime, brine trickles down, salinity decreases
- a year old=becomes relatively pure
