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Oceanography > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Science:

A

is a systematic
process of understanding and
explaining the natural world

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2
Q

Scientists

A

assume the natural
world behaves in a consistent
and predictable manner and is
comprehensible

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3
Q

Scientist cont.

A
  • Physical processes operating today were the
    same in the past
  • Scientists can discover these processes
  • These processes can be used to predict future
    events
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4
Q

What do scientist use to DO science?

A

The scientific method

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5
Q

What are the different steps on the Scientific Method?

A 
-make observations of the
natural world 
- formulate hypotheses to
explain how and why the
natural world works
collect, analyze, and classify
facts and data and conduct
experiments using an orderly
and logical process to test
hypotheses
-accept, reject, or modify
hypotheses
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6
Q

Define Scientific Hypothesis:

A 
-A scientific Hypothesis is a
tentative, untested, inferred
idea used to explain observed
natural phenomena 
-Educated Guess
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7
Q

What is an example of a scientific hypothesis?

A

The Nebular Hypothesis

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8
Q

Define Scientific Theory:

A 
-A scientific Theory is an
objective, well tested, widely
accepted coherent hypothesis
that is supported by a large
body of factual evidence and
experimental testing
- Explain natural phenomena
- The Big Bang Theory
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9
Q

What is a Theory?

A

*The word “Theory” has different meanings to different people
*To most people a “Theory” commonly means a speculative or
colloquial view of something
*The media uses the term Theory in place of Hypothesis
*This leads to the widespread belief that scientific theories are little
more than unsubstantiated wild guesses

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10
Q

Scientific Laws

A
  • Based on hypotheses
  • Can usually be expressed mathematically
  • Describes natural phenomena
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11
Q

Define Oceanography;

A
  • an interdisciplinary science that
    influences the entire planet and
    covers a wide range of topics
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12
Q

Characteristics of the ocean:

A
  • The Earth has one big ocean with many features
  • The ocean and life in the ocean shape the features of Earth
  • The ocean is a major influence on weather and climate
  • The ocean made Earth habitable
  • The ocean supports a great diversity of life and ecosystems
  • The ocean and humans are inextricably interconnected
  • The ocean is largely unexplored
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13
Q

Ocean Exploration History:

A 
- January 23, 1960
The Bathyscaphe Trieste
35,814 feet
Don Walsh and Jacques Piccard
- March 26, 2012
The DEEPSEA CHALLENGE
35,576 feet
James Cameron
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14
Q

How deep is the Mariana Trench?

A

36,070 feet deep

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15
Q

Ocean Facts:

A
  • There are 5 Oceans and many Seas
  • 71% of the Earth’s surface is covered by water
  • 97% of all water on Earth’s surface is contained in
    the ocean
  • More water is trapped within the Earth than exists
    in the ocean and atmosphere
  • The average ocean depth is 12,451 feet
  • There are 329 million cubic miles of water
  • On a planetary scale the ocean is insignificant
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16
Q

The four principal ocean basins (plus an additional ocean) on Earth are the _______.

A
  1. Atlantic Ocean
  2. Pacific Ocean
  3. Indian Ocean
  4. Southern Ocean
  5. Arctic Ocean
17
Q

The largest of the ocean basins, which currently covers more than half of the ocean surface, is the_____.

A

Pacific Ocean

18
Q

The average depth of the world’s oceans is approximately ______.

A

3,682 meters (12,080 feet)

19
Q

The sun and the rest of the solar system formed about 5 billion years ago from a huge cloud of dust and gas called a ____

A

Nebula

20
Q

Which of the following statements regarding continental and oceanic crust is TRUE?

A

Continental crust is thicker and less dense than oceanic crust

21
Q

Earth’s primordial atmosphere most likely included _____.

A

Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor, Sulfur Dioxide and methane

22
Q

Current scientific knowledge indicates that the most likely origin of most of Earth’s oceans was due to ____

A

Water vapor released from volcanic outgassing

23
Q

(Age) Earth is about _____

A

4.6 billion years old.

24
Q

Students sometimes ask…. Have humans ever explored the deepest ocean trenches? Could anything live there?

A
  • Yes
  • It was first done in January 1960, by US Navy Lt. Don Walsh and Jacques Piccard.
  • Went down to the bottom of the challenger deep region of the mariana trench in the trieste.
  • A deep diving bathyscaphe (bathos=depth, scaphe=small ship)
  • 9906 meters (32,500) heard loud cracking
  • unnoticed 7.6 centimeter (3 inch) plexiglass viewing port cracked
  • Reached the bottom at 10,912 (35,800 feet) which is a record depth for human descent
  • Small organisms: a flatfish, shrimp, and some jellies
25
Q

Students sometimes ask… How do we know about the internal structure of Earth?

A
  • Humans have never actually seen the earth’s crust, however the internal structure of earth is being analyze by earthquakes that sends seismic waves through the deep interior of our planet.
  • Seismic waves- change their speed and are bent and reflected as they move through zones having different properties.
  • seismic waves travel slowly through areas of hotter rock and speed up through colder rock
  • repeated analysis allowed researchers to construct a detailed three dimensional mode of earth’s interior.
  • reveals the inner working of our planet.
26
Q

Students sometimes ask… Have the oceans always been salty? Are the oceans growing more or less salty through time?

A
  • Likely that oceans have always been salty
  • water comes in contact w/ rocks of earth’s crust, some of the minerals dissolve
  • new minerals are forming on the sea floor at the same rate as dissolved materials are added
  • salt content of the ocean is in a “steady state,” meaning that it is not increasing or decreasing.
  • Study the proportion of water vapor to chloride ion, in ancient marine rocks.
  • Chloride ion is produced by out gassing and it forms part of the most common salts in the ocean
  • the oceans salinity has been relatively constant through time.

Oceanography (7 decks)

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