Chapter 5, 6, 9, 8 Flashcards
Perpetual updated Inventory & Cost of Goods Sold with?
Each purchase & sale
Periodic determines Inventory & Cost of Goods Sold when?
At the end of each accounting period
What are the 2 categories of expenses?
Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) & Operating Expenses
Cost of Goods Sold (COGS)
Total cost of merchandise sold during the period
Directly related to the revenue recognized from the sale of goods
Operating Expenses
Incurred in the process of earning sales revenue
Represent a category of expenses
Examples: Advertising expense, and rent expense
Unique to Merchandising Company
- Cost of Goods Sold
- Gross Profit
Freight Costs
Agreed upon between seller & buyer
What do Freight Cost determine?
Who is responsible for:
- Paying the freight costs
- The risk of loss or damage in transit
FOB Shipping Point
The Buyer pays
FOB Destination
The Seller pays
Freight Costs Incurred by the Buy Shopping Point: Freight In
- Included as part of the cost of purchasing inventory
- Inventory included all costs to acquire the inventory
- Becomes Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) when goods are SOLD
Journal Entry for Freight Charges
Dr. Inventory (Assets Increase)
Cr. Cash (Assets Decrease)
Purchase Return
Return goods for CREDIT if purchase was made on credit, or Cash refund if purchase was for cash
Purchase Allowance
Keep merchandise if seller is willing to grand an allowance (reduction) for purchase price
Entry to record purchase RETURN
Dr. Accounts Payable (Liabilities Decrease)
Cr. Inventory (Assets Decrease)
Entry to record PURCHASE
Dr. Accounts Payable (Liabilities Decrease)
Cr. Inventory (Assets Decrease)
Purchase Discounts
Reduce the purchase cost of the inventory to the buyer
How should the buyer reflect the reduced cost of inventory on their books? And why?
Credit Inventory by the amount of the discount
Inventory is recorded at the final cost to the purchaser
Journal Entry to record Purchase Discounts Taken
Dr. Accounts Payable (Liabilities Decrease)
Cr. Inventory (Assets Decrease)
Cr. Cash (Assets Decrease)
Purchase Discounts Examples - 2/10, n/30
2% discount if paid within 10 days, otherwise remaining amount due within 30 days
Components of Purchase Discounts Examples
- Percentage amount of the cash discount
- Time period in which discount is offered
- Time period in which the purchaser should pay the full invoice price if the discount is not taken
Purchase Discounts
- Often permitted by credit terms
- Buyer can claim a cash discount for prompt payment
Sales Transaction (Perpetual Inventory System) - Journal Entry to record revenue
Dr. Accounts Receivable OR Cash
Cr. Sales Revenue
Sales Transaction (Perpetual Inventory System) - Journal Entry to record Cost of Goods Sold
Dr. Cost of Goods Sold (Expense)
Cr. Inventory
Sales Return & Allowances
“Flip side” of purchase returns and allowances
Contra Revenue Accounts
Normal Debit Account
Sales Returns
When a seller accepts goods back from purchaser
Sales Allowances
When a seller grants a reduction in the purchase price so the buyer will keep the goods
Journal Entry to record Selling Price
Dr. Sales Returns & Allowances
Cr. Accounts Receivable OR Cash
Journal Entry to record Cost
Dr. Inventory
Cr. Cost of Goods Sold
(This is the only time you will credit an expense in this class)
Sales Discount
Calculated based on the invoice price less returns and allowances
CONTRA-REVENUE account (normal balance is a debit)
Sales Discounts - If the amount of discounts is material
Company should estimate discounts and record an adjusting entry for estimated discounts
Entry to record a Sales Discount
Dr. Cash (Assets Increase)
Dr. Sales Discount (Revenue Decreases)
Cr. Accounts Receivable (Assets Decrease)
You must get rid of the full amount of Accounts Receivable to this transaction)
Net Effect of Sales-Related Transaction
Reported on Income Statement
CONTRA-REVENUE accounts subtracted from Sales Revenue
Often reported as a single amount: Net Sales
How do you calculate Net Sales (Step 1 of Multistep Income Statement)
Sales - Sales Returns & Allowances - Sales Discount = Net Sales
How do you calculate Gross Profit? (Step 2 of Multistep Income Statement)
Net Sales - Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) = Gross Profit
How do you calculate Income of Operations? (Step 3 of Multi-step Income Statement)
Gross Profit - Operating Expenses = Income of Operations
How do you calculate Income before Income Tax? (Step 4 of Multi-step income statement)
Income from Operations +/- Non-Operating Items (int./div, rev, int, exp, gain/losses) = Income before Income Tax
How do you calculate Net Income? (Step 5 of Multi-step Income Statement)
Income before Income Tax- Income Tax Expense = Net Income
What is the Multi-step Income Statement?
Sales - Sales Returns & Allowances - Sales Discounts = Net Sales - COGS = Gross Profit - Operating Expenses = Income from Operations +/- Non Operating Items (int./div, rev, int, exp, gain/losses) = Income before Income Tax - Income Tax Expense = Net Income
How do you calculate Income Tax Expense?
Income Tax Expense - Income before income taxes x Corporate income tax rate
Non-Operating Activities - Other Revenues & Gains
Increase Net Income
- Interest Revenue from Notes Receivable and Marketable Securities
-Dividend revenue from investments in capital stock
- Rent Revenue from subleasing a portion of the store
- Gain from the sale of Property, Plant, & Equipment (PPE)
Non-Operating Activities - Other Expenses and Losses
Decrease Net Income
- Interest expense on Notes & Loans Payable
Casualty losses from such cases as vandalism and accidents
- Loss from the sale of abandonment of Proper, Plant & Equipment (PPE)
- Loss from strikes and suppliers
Determining Cost of Goods Sold - Step 1
Beginning Inventory + Goods Purchased = Good Available for Sale (Subtotal)
Determining Cost of Goods Sold - Step 2
Goods Available for Sale - Ending Inventory = Cost of Goods Sold
Cost Flow Assumptions
First in, First-out (FIFO)
Last in, First-out (LIFO)
Average-cost
Calculating Ending Inventory & Cost of Goods Sold using First in, First-Out (FIFO)
- Calculate Goods Available for Sale in Units & Dollars (Beg. Inventory + Purchases= Goods Available for Sale (GAFS)
- Calculate Ending Inventory in Units (Usually given, but if not, GAFS - Units Sold = Ending Inventory)
- Identify the Most Recent Purchases - Last in, Still Here (LISH) (Must total to Ending Inventory in Units)
- Calculate the dollar value of Ending Inventory
- Calculate the dollar value of Cost of Goods Sold (COGS) as: $GAFS - $End.Inv = COGS
Calculating Ending Inventory & COGS using Last in, First-Out (LIFO)
- Calculate GAFS in UNited & Dollars (Beg. Inventory + Purchases = GAFS)
- Calculate Ending Inventory in Units (Usually given, if not, GAFS - Units Sold = Ending. Inventory)
- Identify the Oldest Purchases - FISH (First in, Still Here) (Must total to Ending Inventory in Units)
- Calculate the dollar value of Ending Inventory
- Calculate the dollar value of COGS as: $GAFS - $End.Inv = $COGS
Calculating Ending Inventory & COGS Using Average-Cost
- Calculate Goods Available for Sale in units & dollars (Big. Inv. + Purchases = GAFS)
- Calculate Ending Inventory in Units (usually given, if not GAFS - Units Sold = End. Inv)
- Calculate the Average Cost per unit as: Avg. Cost per unit = $GAFS/GAFS in Units
- Calculate the dollar value of Ending Inventory as: Avg.Cost per unit * End.Inv Units
- Calculate the dollar value of COGS as: $GAFS - $End.Inv = $COGS
Inventory Turnover
Inventory turnover - Cost of Goods Sold/Average Inventory
Inventory Turnover - Average Inventory
Average inventory = Beginning Inventory + Ending Inventory / 2
Days In Inventory
Days in Inventory = 365/Inventory Turnover
Types of Receivables - Accounts Receivable
Amounts customers owe on account that result from the sale of goods and services
Types of Receivables - Notes Receivable
Written promise (formal instrument) for amounts to be received
Types of Receivables - Other Receivables
Interest, loans to officers, advances to employees, and income taxes refundable
Recording Accounts Receivable
Dr. Accounts Receivable
Cr. Sales Revenue
(To record sales on account)
Valuation of Accounts Receivable
- Reported on balance sheet as a Current Asset
Valued at: Net Realizable Value/NRV (or Cash Realizable Value)
Calculation of Net Realizable Value/ Cash Realizable Value
NRV = Total Receivables - Allowances for Doubtful Accounts
Uncollectible Accounts Receivable
- Sales on account raises the possibility of credit losses from uncollectible accounts
- Uncollectible accounts are a normal and necessary risk of doing business on account
- Sellers record credit losses that result from extending credit as BAD DEBT EXPENSE
Methods of Accounting for Uncollectible Accounts - Allowance Method
- Bad debt expense reported in the period in which the sales occurs
- receivables stated at estimated collective amount (NRV)
Applying the Allowance Method for Uncollectible Accounts
- Estimate uncollectible account receivable
- Determine & record bad debt expense
- Write off specific accounts that have been determined to be uncollectible.
Journal Entry to record Bad Debt Expense
Dr. Bad Debt Expense
Cr. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
Journal Entry to write off a SPECIFIC uncollectible account
Dr. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
Cr. Accounts Receivable
What type of account is the Allowance for Doubtful Accounts (AFDA)?
CONTRA-ASSET
Listed with Accounts Receivable on the Balance Sheet as a subtractive item
AFDA has a normal credit balance, it reduces assets
Bad Debt Expense
- Reported in the Income Statement as Operating Expense
- Matched with (recorded in the same period as) the associated Sales Revenue
Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
- Contra Account used because companies do not know at the point of estimation which specific customers WILL NOT pay
- Balance in AFDA shows estimated amount of claims on customers that the company expects will be uncollectible
Presentation of Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
Current Assets
Cash
Accounts Receivable
Less: Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
Recording Estimated Uncollectibles
Dr. Bad Debt Expense
Cr. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
Effects of Writing off Accounts Under the Allowance Method - Recording the Write-off
- Reduces BOTH Accounts Receivable & Allowance for doubtful accounts
- DOES NOT change bad debt expense
(Expense is recognized when the adjusting entry to estimate bad debts is made)
Recording Write-Off
Dr. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts (Assets Increase)
Cr Accounts Receivable (Assets Decrease)
Estimating the Allowance - Percentage-of-Receivables Basis
- Management established a percentage relationship between amount of receivables & expected losses from uncollectible accounts
- Single percentage rate for entire receivables balance, or aging schedule
- Arranges accounts by age and applies a different percentage to each group of accounts
Calculate $ estimate of Ending AFDA Balance
Ending Accounts Receivable * % Uncollectible
Journal Entry to reinstate the receivable
Dr. Accounts Receivable
Cr. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts
Journal Entry to record collection
Dr. Cash
Cr. Accounts Receivable
NRV Before and After write-off
ALWAYS stays the same
NRV as Accounts Receivable are collected
CHANGES
Computing Interest on Notes Receivable
Interest = Face Value of Note * Annual Interest Rate * Time in Terms of One Year
Journal Entry to record Note
Dr. Notes Receivable
Cr. Accounts Receivable (To record acceptance of note)
Honoring (Collection) of Notes Receivable - Entry to record note
Dr. Notes Receivable
Cr. Cash
Honoring (Collection) of Notes Receivable - Entry to record collection of note at maturity
Dr. Cash
Cr. Notes Receivable
Cr. Interest Revenue
Average Collection Period
Average Collection Period = 365 Days / Accounts Receivable
Accounts Receivable Turnover
Accounts Receivable Turnover = Net Credit Sales / Average Net Accounts Receivable
Plant Asset Expenditures
Also called: PPE, Plant & Equipment, Fixed Assets
3 Characteristics: - Physical substance
- Used in operations of business
- Not intended for sale to customers
Expected to be of use to the company for a number of years
Experience a decline in service potential over their useful lives, EXCEPT for land
Determining the Cost of Plant Assets
Based on HISTORICAL COST PRINCIPLE (requires that companies record plant assets at original cost)
Cost consists of: ALL expenditures necessary to acquire an asset & make it ready for its intended use
Measured by the cash paid or by the cash equivalent price
Once cost is established, it remains the basis of accounting for the plant asset of its USEFUL life
Cash Equivalent Price
Equal to the fair value of the asset given up or the fair value of the asset received, whichever is more clearly determinable
Attributes/Determining Cost of Land
- Cash purchase price
- Closing crusts such as title & attorney’s fees
- Real estate brokers commissions
- Accrued property taxes & other liens on land assumed by purchaser
- Clearing, draining, filling, and grading
- All demolition and removal costs
- LESS any proceeds from salvaged materials
Is Land depreciated?
No
Entry to record cost of land
Dr. Land
Cr. Cash
Land Improvements
Includes all expenditures necessary to make the improvements ready for their intended use
Limited useful lives
Depreciated over useful life (will eventually need improvements)
Buildings
Facilities used in operations
Included all expenditures related to the purchase or construction to make the facility ready for its intended use
Depreciated over useful life
Costs included as Buildings
-Purchase price, closing costs (attorney fees, title insurance), real estate brokers commission
- Remodeling and replacing or repairing anything that might be broken/needs replacing
Equipment
Assets used in operations
Check-out counters, office furniture, machinery, computers, printers, delivery trucks
Cost of Equipment
- Cash purchase price
- Sales taxes
- Freight charges
- Insurance during transit paid by purchaser
- Expenditures for assembling, installing, and testing
What is not included in Cost of Equipment?
Recurring costs: Insurance during use period, licenses, etc
Entry to record the cost of equipment
Dr. Equipment
Dr. License Expense
Dr. Prepaid Insurance
Cr. Cash
Effects of Depreciation - Income Statement
Depreciation Expense
Effects of depreciation- Balance Sheet
Accumulated Depreciation (Contra Asset)
Represents the total amount of an assets cost that the company has charged to expense to date
Calculating Net Book Value (NBV)
Cost
Less Accumulated Depreciation = Net Book Value
Computing Straight-Line Depreciation - Step 1 - Calculate depreciable cost
Cost - Salvage Value = Depreciable Cost
Computing Straight-Line Depreciation - Step 2 - Calculate Annual Straight Line Depreciation Expense
Depreciable Cost/Useful Life (in years) = Annual Depreciation Expense
Computing Straight-Line Depreciation - Step 3 - Calculate each year Depreciation Expense
Annual Depreciation * Fraction of year = Each year depreciation expense
Computing Straight-Line Depreciation - Step 4 - Calculated Annual Depreciation Balance
Σ (yearly Depreciation Expense)
Computing Straight-Line Depreciation - Step 5 - Calculate Net Book Value (NBV)
Purchase Cost - Annual Depreciation Balance
Journal Entry to record Straight-Line Depreciation
Dr. Depreciation Expense
Cr. Accumulated Depreciation
Plant Asset Disposal
Eliminate Assets and Contra Assets by: - Crediting the PPE asset account
- Debiting Accumulated Depreciation
Accounting for Disposal of Plant Assets
- Determine book value at the time of disposal
(If disposal does not occur on the time of the first day of the year, record depreciation up to the date of disposal) - Record any cash received
- Recognize a gain or loss on disposal
How do you eliminate Disposal of Plant Assets Book Value?
- Debiting Accumulated Depreciation for total depreciation to the date of disposal
- Crediting the asset account for the cost of the asset
Sale of Plant Assets - Net Book Value of Asset
Original Cost of Asset - Assets Accumulated Depreciation Balance = Net Book Value of Asset
Sale of Plant Assets - Proceeds
Proceeds from Sale (Cash Received) - Net Book Value of Asset = GAIN if Positive, LOSS if negative
Gain on Disposal
If proceeds exceed the book value of the plant asset
Proceeds > NBV then GAIN
Reported in: Other revenues and gain section of Income Statement
Loss on Disposal
If proceeds are less than the book value of the plant asset
Proceeds < NBV then LOSS
Reported in: Other expenses and losses section of Income Statement
Gain on Sale - Updating Depreciation - Step 1: Calculate Depreciable Costs
Purchase Cost - Salvage Value
Gain on Sale - Updating Depreciation - Step 2: Calculate Annual Depreciation Expense
Depreciable Cost/Useful Life
Gain on Sale - Updating Depreciation - Step 3: Calculate each year Depreciation expense
Annual Depreciation * Fraction of year
Journal Entry to record Depreciation and update Accumlated Depreciation at the date of sale
Dr. Depreciation Expense
Cr. Accumulated Depreciation — anything that was sold at time
Entry to record sale
Dr. Cash
Dr. Accumulated Depreciation
Cr. Equipment
Cr. Gain on Sale of Equipment (Loss will be DEBIT)
Retirement of Plant Assets
- Occurs when there is no ready market value when the company no longer needs the asset
- No Cash is received (Proceeds = 0)
- No gain possible since no cash is received
- Loss is recognized when a positive book value exists (Asset is not fully depreciated)
How do you record retirement?
- Decrease Accumulated Depreciation for full amount of depreciation taken over life of asset
- Decrease asset account for original cost of asset
Journal Entry to record Retirement
Dr. Accumulated Depreciation
Cr. Plant Asset
Journal Entry to record retirement including loss
Dr. Loss on Disposal of Equipment
Dr. Accumulated Depreciation
Cr. Plant asset/Equipment
Intangible Assets
- Rights, privileges, and competitive advantages without physical substance that result from ownership of long-lived assets
- Evidenced by contracts, licenses, and other documents
Where do Intangible Assets arise from?
- Government grants, patents, copyrights, licenses, trademarks, and trade names
- Acquisition of another business in which the purchase price includes a payment for goodwill
- Private monopolistic arrangements arising from contractual agreements, such as franchises and leases
Accounting for Intangible Assets
- Recorded at cost
Includes ALL expenditures necessary for the company to acquire the right, privilege, or competitive advantage - EXCLUDES costs of developing the intangible asset
Intangible assets - Limited Life
Cost is amortized over the assets useful life
Intangible Assets - Indefinite Life
Cost is NOT amortized
Amortizing Intangibles
Amortized over the short of the assets useful or legal life
- Useful life consider obsolescence, inadequacy and other factor
How are Amortizing Intangibles included in Adjusting Entries?
Debit Amortization expense
- Reported as an operating expense in the Income Statement
Credit the Intangible Asset account
- Or a contra account, accumulated amortization
Limited Life Intangibles Journal Entry
Dr. Amortization Expense
Cr. Specific Intangible Asset
Indefinite Life Intangibles
- No foreseeable limit on time the asset is expect to provide cash flows
- NO amortization
Types of Intangible Assets
- Patents
- Copyrights
- Franchises
- Trademarks
- Goodwill
Accounting for Goodwill
- Represents the value of ALL favorable attributes that relate to a company that are not attributable to any other specific asset
-Recorded only when an entire business is purchased - NEVER amortized because it is considered to have an INDEFINITE life
- Written down if its value has been permanently impaired
What does Goodwill include?
Exceptional Management, Desirable location, good customer relations, skills employees, high-quality products