chapter 5&6

Question 1

positive punishment and an example

Answer 1

giving an unpleasant stimulus to decrease frequency of behaviour
- spanking as consequence

Question 2

negative punishment and an example

Answer 2

taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease frequency of a behaviour
- taking away kids toy to teach them lesson (doesn’t teach good behaviour just reduces bad in presence of punishment)

Question 3

positive reinforcement and example

Answer 3

give a pleasant stimulus to increase desired behaviour
- money as a reward for cleaning

Question 4

negative reinforcement and example

Answer 4

taking away unpleasant stimulus to increase frequency of desired behaviour
- seatbelt alarm

Question 5

what are the 5 components of classical conditioning (and dog example)

Answer 5

UCS - dog food
UCR - dog salivates at food
NS - bell
CS - bell rings before food comes our way
CR - dog salivates at bell

Question 6

what is entrainment

Answer 6

biological rhythms linked w external environments ( changes in time, sunlight, temp etc. )

Question 7

3 biological rhythms and their times

Answer 7

• circadian rhythms (24 hrs)
• infradian rhythms (less than once a day)
• ultradian rhythms (more freq than once a day, every 90 min ish [cramps, hormones])

Question 8

what’s it called when internal clocks are out of sync

Answer 8

internal desynchronization (jet lag, night shift,
rhythms influenced by change in routine)

Question 9

sleep stages (ultradian) terry spin dances daily

Answer 9

stage 1: theta waves, light sleep
stage 2: sleep spindles, k complexes
stage 3: some delta waves, hard to wake
stage 4: most delta waves, deep sleep
REM: dreams, high arousal, looks like stage 1

Question 10

short term sleep deprivation

Answer 10

up to 45 hrs w/o sleep

Question 11

long term sleep deprivation

Answer 11

more than 45 hrs W/o sleep

Question 12

partial deprivation

Answer 12

no more than 5 hours sleep/night for more than one night

Question 13

6 sleep disorders

Answer 13

1. insomnia: chronic difficulty falling asleep
2. narcolepsy: sudden uncontrollable REM + cataplexy (REM paralysis while wake)
3. sleep apnea: breathing stops and starts during sleep
4. sleep walking: no REM paralysis, walking
5. nightmares
6. night terrors: wake up in fight or flight, stage 3+4

Question 14

manifest and latent content of dreams

Answer 14

manifest- aspects of dream we consciously experience
latent- unconscious wishes and thoughts symbolized in the dream

Question 15

dream activation synthesis theory

Answer 15

• pons spontaneously fires neurons
• cerebral cortex tries to make sense of them

Question 16

2 hypnosis theories

Answer 16

sociocognitive: social influence of hypnotist + beliefs/expectations of patient
dissociation theory: conscious and motor mind operates independently when under hypnosis

Question 17

primary vs secondary reinforcers in operant conditioning

Answer 17

primary- stimulant that satisfies biological needs (food, sex, etc)
secondary- stimuli associated with primary reinforcer

Question 18

define shaping

Answer 18

rewarding successive approximations of desired behaviour to gradually get closer to proper behaviour

Question 19

what is the premack principal

Answer 19

reinforcing a less frequent behaviour with a more frequent behaviour (dessert after dinner, play after study)

Question 20

schedules of reinforcement

Answer 20

FR- predictably reinforce based on responses (every 3 replies)
VR- reinforce on average based on responses (every 2, 5, 3 min)
FI- predictably reinforce based on time (every 5 min)
VI- reinforce on average based on time (every 2, 5, 3 min)

Question 21

define a token economy

Answer 21

reinforce behaviours by reward w token (gold stars, poker chips) that earn up to a prize

Question 22

define the two types of aversive control

Answer 22

escape conditioning: reinforcing behaviours by reacting to an unpleasant stimulus (dog gets shocked, moves to other side of the floor)
-can be used to teach avoidance-
avoidance conditioning: light goes off before floor shocks dog, dog avoids

Question 23

what are the 5 applications of operant conditioning

Answer 23

• shaping
• chaining
• premack principle
• superstitious behaviour (reinforcement linked to behaviour by coincidence)
• token economies

Question 24

what is observational learning

Answer 24

learning occurs by observing the behaviour of a model (learns what responses produce pos/neg consequences, which events are important and what behaviours signal)

Question 25

4 key processes for modeling observational learning

Answer 25

• attention (must pay attn to bhvr and consq)
• retention (must have memory of model)
• reproduction (must be able to reprod. mem.)
• motivation (must be motivated for some reward)

Question 26

what is instinctive drift

Answer 26

tendency for animals to return to innate behaviours following repetitive reinforcement (rain stealing the food after making her do too many tricks)