chapter 5&6 Flashcards
positive punishment and an example
giving an unpleasant stimulus to decrease frequency of behaviour
- spanking as consequence
negative punishment and an example
taking away a pleasant stimulus to decrease frequency of a behaviour
- taking away kids toy to teach them lesson (doesn’t teach good behaviour just reduces bad in presence of punishment)
positive reinforcement and example
give a pleasant stimulus to increase desired behaviour
- money as a reward for cleaning
negative reinforcement and example
taking away unpleasant stimulus to increase frequency of desired behaviour
- seatbelt alarm
what are the 5 components of classical conditioning (and dog example)
UCS - dog food
UCR - dog salivates at food
NS - bell
CS - bell rings before food comes our way
CR - dog salivates at bell
what is entrainment
biological rhythms linked w external environments ( changes in time, sunlight, temp etc. )
3 biological rhythms and their times
- circadian rhythms (24 hrs)
- infradian rhythms (less than once a day)
- ultradian rhythms (more freq than once a day, every 90 min ish [cramps, hormones])
what’s it called when internal clocks are out of sync
internal desynchronization (jet lag, night shift,
rhythms influenced by change in routine)
sleep stages (ultradian) terry spin dances daily
stage 1: theta waves, light sleep
stage 2: sleep spindles, k complexes
stage 3: some delta waves, hard to wake
stage 4: most delta waves, deep sleep
REM: dreams, high arousal, looks like stage 1
short term sleep deprivation
up to 45 hrs w/o sleep
long term sleep deprivation
more than 45 hrs W/o sleep
partial deprivation
no more than 5 hours sleep/night for more than one night
6 sleep disorders
- insomnia: chronic difficulty falling asleep
- narcolepsy: sudden uncontrollable REM + cataplexy (REM paralysis while wake)
- sleep apnea: breathing stops and starts during sleep
- sleep walking: no REM paralysis, walking
- nightmares
- night terrors: wake up in fight or flight, stage 3+4
manifest and latent content of dreams
manifest- aspects of dream we consciously experience
latent- unconscious wishes and thoughts symbolized in the dream
dream activation synthesis theory
- pons spontaneously fires neurons
- cerebral cortex tries to make sense of them
2 hypnosis theories
sociocognitive: social influence of hypnotist + beliefs/expectations of patient
dissociation theory: conscious and motor mind operates independently when under hypnosis
primary vs secondary reinforcers in operant conditioning
primary- stimulant that satisfies biological needs (food, sex, etc)
secondary- stimuli associated with primary reinforcer
define shaping
rewarding successive approximations of desired behaviour to gradually get closer to proper behaviour
what is the premack principal
reinforcing a less frequent behaviour with a more frequent behaviour (dessert after dinner, play after study)
schedules of reinforcement
FR- predictably reinforce based on responses (every 3 replies)
VR- reinforce on average based on responses (every 2, 5, 3 min)
FI- predictably reinforce based on time (every 5 min)
VI- reinforce on average based on time (every 2, 5, 3 min)
define a token economy
reinforce behaviours by reward w token (gold stars, poker chips) that earn up to a prize
define the two types of aversive control
escape conditioning: reinforcing behaviours by reacting to an unpleasant stimulus (dog gets shocked, moves to other side of the floor)
-can be used to teach avoidance-
avoidance conditioning: light goes off before floor shocks dog, dog avoids
what are the 5 applications of operant conditioning
- shaping
- chaining
- premack principle
- superstitious behaviour (reinforcement linked to behaviour by coincidence)
- token economies
what is observational learning
learning occurs by observing the behaviour of a model (learns what responses produce pos/neg consequences, which events are important and what behaviours signal)
4 key processes for modeling observational learning
- attention (must pay attn to bhvr and consq)
- retention (must have memory of model)
- reproduction (must be able to reprod. mem.)
- motivation (must be motivated for some reward)
what is instinctive drift
tendency for animals to return to innate behaviours following repetitive reinforcement (rain stealing the food after making her do too many tricks)
