chapter 1

Question 1

(1.1) what are the levels of analysis in psych

Answer 1

social cultural (relating to others)
psychological (thoughts, feelings)
biological (molecules & brain structure)

Question 2

(1.1) what makes psych distinctive and difficult to understand

Answer 2

• all action is multiply determined
• interrelated factors
• individual differences
  -cultural differences
• reciprocal determinism

Question 3

(1.1) what is an emic approach to understanding cross cultural psych

Answer 3

study behaviour from inside perspective (growing up in/living in that culture)

Question 4

(1.1) what is an etic approach to cross cultural psych

Answer 4

studying behaviour from outside perspective

Question 5

(1.1) what is naive realism

Answer 5

believing and taking everything we see as true, trusting that we see the world precisely as it is

Question 6

(1.1) what is a scientific theory vs a hypothesis

Answer 6

scientific theory: an explanation that can explain a large number of findings and can predict new info
hypothesis: a testable prediction derived from a theory

Question 7

(1.1) what is confirmation bias

Answer 7

the tendency to seek out evidence that supports our beliefs and dismiss those that don’t

Question 8

(1.1) what is belief perseverance

Answer 8

the tendance to stick to a belief even when evidence contradicts it

Question 9

(1.1) metaphysical claims:

Answer 9

assertions about the world that we can’t test (god, the soul, an afterlife) vs. a scientific claim (testable)

Question 10

(1.2) what is pseudo science

Answer 10

claims that seem scientific but aren’t (lack of safeguards against confirmation bias and belief perseverance)
CAN BE TESTED ERGO NOT METAPHYSICAL

Question 11

(1.2) signs of pseudoscience

Answer 11

• exaggerated claims
• lack of evidence (more “proof”)
• reliance on anecdotes
• lack of self correction
  -psychobabble
• no connection to other research

Question 12

(1.2) what is patternicity

Answer 12

our tendency to see patterns in meaningless data or stimuli

Question 13

(1.2) terror management theory

Answer 13

terror of awareness of our own deaths cause us to seek greater meaning in life (religion, more trust in pseudosciences)

Question 14

(1.2) what are the dangers of pseudo science

Answer 14

• direct harm
• opportunity cost
• loss of scientific thinking for civilians

Question 15

(1.2) what is the ad hoc immunizing hypothesis

Answer 15

using loopholes to support a theory to stop it being disproven (vibes not right to perform ESP)

Question 16

(1.3) what are the 6 principals of scientific thinking ? (RCFREO, really cool fairies really enjoy oceans)

Answer 16

• rule out rival hypothesis
• correlation vs causation
• falsifiability
• replicability
• extraordinary claims require extraordinary evidence
• occams razor

Question 17

(1.4) what is introspection

Answer 17

trained observers reflect carefully and report back on their own mental status

Question 18

(1.4) structuralism:

Answer 18

use introspection to identify basic structures of experience TITCHENER

Question 19

(1.4) functionalism:

Answer 19

understand function or ADAPTIVE purposes of thoughts, feelings, and behaviours (influenced by darwin theory natural selection) JAMES

Question 20

(1.4) behaviourism:

Answer 20

uncover general principals of learning that explain behaviour (reward and punishment, tabula rasa) SKINNER

Question 21

(1.4) cognitivism;

Answer 21

examine the role of mental processes on behaviour (interpretation of rewards and punishments) PIAGNET

Question 22

(1.4) psychoanalysis:

Answer 22

uncover unconscious psychological processes and early behaviour FREUD

Question 23

(1.4) what is the free will-determinism debate

Answer 23

to what extent are our behaviours freely selected rather than influenced by factors out of our control

Question 24

(1.4) tabula rasa

Answer 24

new borns are blank slate & shaped by environment LOCKE

Question 25

(1.2) error of using our emotions as guides for evaluating validity of a claim

Answer 25

emotional reasoning fallacy

Question 26

(1.2) error of assuming a claim is correct just because many people believe it

Answer 26

bandwagon fallacy

Question 27

(1.2) error of framing a question as if we can only answer it in one of two extreme ways

Answer 27

either or fallacy

Question 28

(1.2) error of believing we’re immune to errors that others are susceptible to

Answer 28

not me fallacy

Question 29

(1.2) error or supporting a claim just because an authority figure supports it

Answer 29

appeal to authority fallacy

Question 30

(1.2)