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Physiology test 2 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

osmotic equilibrium p123

A

in which the fluid concentrations are equal on the two sides of the cell membrane.

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2
Q

chemical disequilibrium p123

A

although the overall concentrations of the ECF and intracellular fluid are equal, some solutes are more concentrated in one of the two body compartments than in the other

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3
Q

electrical disequilibrium p123

A

The body as a whole is electrically neutral, but a few extra negative ions are found in the intracellular fluid, while their matching positive ions are located in the extracellular fluid.

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4
Q

Steady states p123

A

the intracellular and extracellular compartments of the body are in osmotic equilibrium, but in chemical and electrical disequilibria, the goal of homeostasis is to maintain these dynamic steady states of the body’s compartments

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5
Q

aquaporin p125

A

protein that creates special water channels for water to move freely in and out of nearly every cell in the body.

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6
Q

osmosis p125

A

the movement of water across a membrane in response to a solute concentration gradient.

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7
Q

osmolarity p126

A

the number of osmotically active particles(ions or intact molecules) per liter of solution. (osmoles per liter or OsM)
Equation
molarity(mol/L) x particles/ molecule (osmol/mol)= osmolarity (osmol/L)

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8
Q

osmolality p127

A

is concentration expressed as osmoses of solute per kilogram of water. (used interchangeably with osmolarity used in clinical settings for body weight)

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9
Q

isosmotic p127

A

two solutions containing the same number of solute particles per unit volume

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10
Q

hyperosmotic p127

A

if solution A has a higher osmolarity (contains more particles per unit volume, is more concentrated) that solution B, we say that the solution A is hyperosmotic to solution B.

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11
Q

hyposmotic p127

A

if solution A has a higher osmolarity (contains more particles per unit volume, is more concentrated) that solution B, we say that the solution B is hyposmotic to solution A.

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12
Q

tonicity p127

A

is a physiological term used to describe a solution and how that solution would affect cell volume if the cell were placed in the solution and allowed to come to equilibrium.

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13
Q

hypotonic p127

A

if a cell placed in the solution gains water at equilibrium and swells

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14
Q

hypertonic p127

A

if the cell loses water and shrinks at equilibrium

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15
Q

isotonic p127

A

if the cell in the solution does not change size at equilibrium

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16
Q

3 differences between osmolarity and tonicity

A
  1. osmolarity describes the # of solute particles dissolved in a volume of solution. It has until, such as osmoles/liter. The osmolarity of a solution can be measured by a machine called an osmometer, tonicity is only a comparative term.
  2. Osmolarity can be used to compare any two solutions, and the relationship is reciprocal(ex. solution A is hyper osmotic to solution B; therefore, solution B is hyposmotic to solution A), Tonicity always compares a solution and a cell, and by convention, tonicity is used to describe only the solution(ex. solution A is hypotonic to red blood cells)
  3. Osmolarity alone does not tell you what happens to a cell placed in a solution. Tonicity by definition tells you what happens to cell volume at equilibrium when the cell is placed in the solution.
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17
Q

Nature of the solutes in the solution (why can’t osmolarity be used to predict tonicity?)

A

-NOS= whether the solute particles can cross the cell membrane. If can enter are penetrating molecules, if can’t they are non penetrating molecules. Tonicity depends on the concentration of non penetrating solutes only.

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18
Q

penetrating solutes

non penetrating solutes

A
  • solute particles that can enter the cell

- particles that cannot cross the cell membrane

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19
Q

What is the most important non penetrating solute in physiology?

A

NaCl

20
Q

Osmolarity table? Hypotonic? Isotonic? Hypertonic?

A

hypotonic- hyposmotic, isosmotic, hyperosmotic
isotonic- isosmotic, hyperosmotic
hypertonic- hyperosmotic

21
Q

concentration is? equation?

A

=osmolarity, solute/volume=concentration (ex. 900mosmol/3L= 300mOsM)

22
Q

glucose is?

A

dextrose

23
Q

Rules or Osmolarity and Tonicity

A
  1. Assume that all intracellular solutes are non penetrating
  2. Compare osmolarities before the cell is exposed to the solution. (at equilibrium, the cell and solution are always isosmotic)
  3. Tonicity of a solution describes the volume change of a cell at equilibrium
  4. Determine tonicity by comparing non penetrating solute concentrations in the cell and the solution. Net water movement is into the compartment with the higher concentration of non penetrating solutes.
  5. Hyposmotic solutions are always hypotonic.
24
Q

The most general form of biological transport?

A

bulk flow(the transport of fluids between cells)

25
Q

What are fluids in physics?

A

gases and liquids, liquids are not compressible and gases are

26
Q

Pressure gradient in bulk flow causes what?

A

fluid to flow from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure.

27
Q

Selective Permeability

A

some molecules can cross them but others cannot

28
Q

Permeable and impermeable

A 
p= substance can pass through membrane
i= substance cannot pass through membrane
29
Q

Why is membrane permeability variable?

A

can be changed by altering the proteins or lipids of the membrane.

30
Q

What two properties affect a molecules movement across membranes?

A
  • size of the molecule

- lipid solubility

31
Q

Passive Transport

A

does not require the input of energy

32
Q

Active transport

A

requires input of energy from some outside source, such as ATP

33
Q

Transport across membranes chart

A

see attachment

34
Q

Diffusion (definition and seven properties)

A
  • is the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration of the molecules to an area of lower concentration of the molecules.
    1. Diffusion is a passive process. (uses only kinetic energy)
    2. Molecules move from an are of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.
    3. Net movement of molecules occurs until the concentration is equal everywhere.
    4. diffusion is rapid over short distances but much slower over long distances.
    5. diffusion is directly related to temperature. ( higher means faster, humans temp. doesn’t change much)
    6. Diffusions rate is inversely related to molecular weight and size. (smaller molecules require less energy and diffuse faster)
    7. Diffusion can take place in an open system or across a partition that separates two compartments.(open ex. cologne in room, closed ex. btwn extracellular and intracellular compartments)
35
Q

Concentration/Chemical gradient

A

difference in concentration of two place

36
Q

Dynamic equilibrium

A

state in diffusion when the concentration has equalized throughout the solution but molecules continue to move

37
Q

time required for diffusion

A

distance squared, 1 to 2, means 1^2 to 2^2

38
Q

Ions and movement

A

ions do not move by diffusion, movement influenced by electrical gradients, so ions move in response to combined electrical and concentrate gradients called electrochemical gradients.

39
Q

electrochemical gradient

A

how ions move, combination of electrical and concentration gradients

40
Q

electrical gradient

A

gradient formed because of the attraction of opposite charges and repulsion of like charges.

41
Q

simple diffusion

A

diffusion directly across the phospholipid bilayer of a membrane.

42
Q

Simple diffusion properties

A
  1. rate of diffusion depends on the ability of the diffusing molecule to dissolve in the lipid layer of the membrane.(how permeable membrane is to the diffusing molecules)
  2. The rate of diffusion across a membrane is directly proportional to the surface area of the membrane. (larger the surface the more molecules can diffuse per unit time)
43
Q

ficks law equation

A

diffusion rate/surface area= concentration gradient x membrane permeability

44
Q

3 principles of Fick’s Law

A
  1. size increases membrane permeability decreases
  2. lipid solubility increase leads to permeability increase
  3. composition of lipid bilayer changes permeabiility
45
Q

flux defintion/equation

A

flux= concentration gradient x membrane permeability;

-diffusion rate per unit surface area of membrane

46
Q

mediated transport

A

the help of membrane proteins to transport solutes across cell membranes

Physiology test 2 (2 decks)

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