Chapter 5 Flashcards
Approximately how many years ago did Eukaryotes originate?
2 billion years ago
How did eukaryotes evolve?
evolved from prokaryotes by the process of intracellular symbiosis
What microbes do eukaryotes include?
fungi, algae, and protozoa (not bacteria)
What is the endosymbiosis theory?
eukaryotes arose when a much larger Archea cell that have a flexible outer envelope and mesosome-like internal membranes, incorporated smaller cells that began to live and reproductive there rather than being destroyed.
How is the endosymbiosis theory demonstrated?
in lab when amoebas are infected with bacteria
Who developed the theory?
Dr. Lynn Margulis and current professor in the Department of Geosciences at the University of Massachusetts
In what organelles has there been found relationships between eukaryotic cells and bacteria structure?
mitochondria, chloroplasts, ribosomes, enzymes
What are some eukaryotic cell structures
appendages, flagella, cilia, glycocalix
What is the chemical composition of cell walls in fungi?
a think inner layer of polysaccharides composed of chitin or cellulose, and glycans
What is the chemical composition of cell walls in algae?
cellulose, pectin, mannans; minerals (silicon dioxide, calcium carbonate)
What are eukaryotic cell membranes composed of?
sterols in addition to phospholipids
The membrane acts as what kind barrier?
selective permeable barrier
What is cytoplasm?
dense fluid that is the pool for biochemical reactions
What are some characteristics of the cytoplasm?
supports the organelles and structures of the cell
What are some organelles that the cytoplasm contains?
ER, golgi complex, lysosomes, vacuoles, mitochondria, chloroplasts, cytoskeleton, microtubules, and microfilaments
How do eukaryotes reproduce sexually?
by meiosis
How do eukaryotes reproduce asexually?
by mitosis
Where is the genome located?
inside the nucleus and is covered by a bilayer membrane
Where is the nucleolus located?
region within the nucleus and bounded by no membrane
The nucleolus is the site of ribosome _____ and _____.
production and assembly
What is phagocytosis?
ingestion of material by an eukaryotic cell either in order to destroy foreign matter or for its own nutrition
What are bacteria that are able to reproduce in phagocytes or stop the action of phagocytes in humans?
macrophages
How many species of fungi are there on the planet?
1.5 million
How many species of fungi have been classified?
100,000 species
What are some types of multicellular (macroscopic) fungi?
mushrooms, puffballs, and gill fungi
What are some types of unicellar (microscopic) fungi?
molds and yeasts
What is a saprobe?
degrade dead plants and animals
What enzyme degrades cellulose?
cellulase
Why are fungi important? What are they used for?
important in agriculture, food and pharmaceutical industry, and making of beer, cheese, antibiotics, etc.
What is hyphae?
long hairs or web-like structures
Septated
individual compartments or septa
How does sexual and asexual reproduction occur in hyphae?
by budding
What is mycellium?
the woven, intertwining mass of hyphae that makes the colony of a mold
What characteristics are are used to easily recognize mycellium?
cottony, hairy, and velvety textures
fungal spores are for?
reproduction
How do spores become active?
germination occurs when subtle substrate available
What are some types of asexual spores?
sporangiospores and conidia
What type of asexual spore is the most common in nature?
conidia
What are some types of conidia spores?
arthrospores, chlamydiospores, blastospores, phiaspores, and porospores
What are some types of sexual spores?
zygospores, ascospores, and basidiospores