Chapter 5 Flashcards
Active Service Units (ASU)
Small and secretive terror cells that operate autonomously
Black and Tans
British paramilitary force recruited to assist the Royal Irish Constabulary; members wore black and tan uniforms
Good Friday Agreement
Plan for devolved government in Northern Ireland signed on April 10, 1998; included terms of early release of prisoners and decommissioning of weapons
HCD
Independent International Commission to oversee the decommissioning of paramilitary weapons under the provisions of the Northern Ireland Peace Accord
Internment
Confinement, often used in wartime; in this case, used in Northern Ireland during the 1980s to combat Irish republican terrorism
Orange Order
Originating in the 17th century, this is the largest Protestant organization in Northern Ireland and regards itself as defending civil and religious liberties of Protestants and seeks to uphold the rule and ascendancy of a Protestant monarch in the United Kingdom
Sinn Fein
Led by Gerry Adams- left-wing Irish republican political party that seeks an end to British rule in Northern Ireland
Special Category Status
A de facto prisoner-of-war status for Irish prisoners convicted during the Troubles
Irish Republican Army (IRA) did what in 2005?
formally renounced violence and instructed its active units and volunteers to cease all activities and “assist the development of purely political and democratic programs through exclusively peaceful means” The long-term effects of this on Northern Ireland will be apparent only with the passage of time.
What did William (a Dutchman from the House of Oranges) do with his Dutch army?
Invaded England and was victorious in a bloodless coup. James II was captured while fleeing, but William ensured his safe passage to France where he remained in exile.
The Orange Lodges were named after who? How did they celebrate their victory?
William of Orange; hold annual marches and celebrations in the Protestant regions on July 12.
How many seats out of 105 did they win for Ireland?
73, although they never took their seats in the House of Commons in London and, instead, pledged to constitute themselves as the legislature of an independent Ireland.
What does Sinn Fein mean?
We ourselves
What was the starting point for the Anglo-Irish War of 1919-1921 (Irish War of Independence)
The British attempt to subvert and destroy the Sinn Fein government
What did the War for Independence led to?
The formation of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) , the Dail Eireann’s militia. Collins was made commander of the new force.
On November 20, 1920, what act did Collins commit that placed him at the top of Britain’s most wanted list?
The execution of 19 British agents (the “Cairo Gang”)
Why were the militia force, Black and Tans, established?
As a means of combating the growing dissention in Ireland.
Where the Black and Tans terrorists?
No
How long did the Black and Tans last?
From 1920-1921
What were the Black and Tans described as?
An auxiliary to the Royal Irish Constabulary
What was known as the First Bloody Sunday?
The Black and Tans surrounded a Gaelic football match in Croke Park Dublin, and when shooting broke out, 12 spectators and players were killed and a further 60 were injured.
The Government of Ireland Act 1920 was welcomed in the north, but not the south. Why?
They continued to call for full independence from Britain.
What did the Anglo-Irish Treaty do?
Established the Irish Free State as a dominion within the British Commonwealth and partitioned Northern Ireland from the rest of the country.
Granted 26 countries greater independence and regarded it as a stepping stone to full independence
The IRA’s Cathal Brugha found 3 fatal flaws about the treaty. What were they?
(1) Excluded 6 countries in Ulster, thereby abandoning Catholics and nationalists in that part of Ireland;
(2) Didn’t establish a truly independent Republic, only a semiautonomous state in which Britain controlled harbors in times of emergency; and
(3) Required an oath of fidelity to the Crown from elected officials
A provisional government was formed with Collins as chairman but was obstructed by
The anti-treaty faction, which formed a rival government led by Eamon de Valera
They promptly commandeered the Four Courts building as IRA headquarters and immediately formed a permanent “Irish Free State” government
The anti-treaty IRA units under Brugha
How did the Irish Civil War immediately begin?
The Free State government bombarded the IRA headquarters with artillery fight borrowed from Britain
How was Collins killed? When did he die?
Killed by a ricochet bullet at West Cork; August 22, 1922. He was the only fatality.
When the Civil War end?
May 24, 1923
What were “The Troubles”?
Term for fighting between Catholics and Protestants
Who was considered more of a nuisance than a terrorist threat to Ireland?
The Provisional Irish Republican Army (PIRA)
How long did The Troubles last?
From 1968-1998
How many died in the 30+ years of “The Troubles”?
More than 3,000 on both sides have been killed; if one were to do a comparison based population size with a comparable terrorist campaign in the United States, the resulting death toll would have reached over 600,000.
The first Catholic death of the “Troubles” was a teenager, struck on the head by a baton wielded by what member?
Member of the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC), also a Protestant
Religion and discrimination have been the battleground, stemming from centuries of social injustice. What did this led to?
Discrimination against Catholics in almost every facet of everyday life, from finding employment to housing.
The Independent Commission on Policing for Northern Ireland set up in what year?
1998
What led to the rebirth of the RUC as the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI)? What date?
The Police (Northern Ireland) Bill of May 2000; November 4, 2001.
What other changes came into effect at the end of the 20th century?
Removal of the word “Royal” from the police department’s title as well as other recommendations unpopular with the Unionists
Criticism was leveled at who?
The RUC
During the Troubles, ____ officers lost their lives and ______ were injured.
305, many thousands
How many number of awards and commendations were given?
16 George Medals
103 Queens Gallantry Medals
111 Queens Commendations
The Provisional IRA was formed in 1969. Why?
The IRA concluded that it could topple the British government, which it thought would back down if confronted by the kind of violence that had occurred in Aden. The result of this was a split in the ranks.
In the fall of 1997, one faction accepted the Good Friday Agreement. Who didn’t?
The new formed splinter of PIRA, the Real IRA (RIRA) or New IRA continued armed resistance against British occupation of Northern Ireland
The IRA of the 1920s demanded what?
One united Ireland and separation from United Kingdom.
What was Cathal Goulding’s idea?
The formation of bath a Catholic and Protestant workers group aimed at the overthrow of capitalism and achieving a united Ireland
Who formed the Provisional Irish Republican Army?
Sean McStiofain
What group was formed along with the PIRA?
The Irish National Liberation Army (INLA)
The Provisionals adopted what political party as their “political wing”?
Sinn Fein
_____ and _____ had long been suspected of being involved directly with the PIRA council
Gerry Adams and Martin McGuinness
PIRA carried out indiscriminate attacks on the British mainland against a board array of targets. What were they?
Military and government establishments Pubs frequented by soldiers Shopping centers Business districts Airports 10 Downing Street (London residence of Prime Minister)
What was their objective?
Successfully attack British military, political, and economic targets with the aim of undermining the political will of the government, frightening the citizens, and sapping the British economy
Following the PIRA attempts, Britain provided higher levels of what?
Police presence to protect the residence of the British prime minister
What fueled the removal of British rule and the establishment of a untied Ireland?
The political aims of Sinn Fein/Irish Republican groups continuing efforts
How many military and civilian died during the long course of “The Troubles”?
3,600
These men had a long association with the IRA and PIRA, rose to political power, held positions with Britain’s Labour government, elected to sit in the British House of Commons, wouldn’t swear allegiance to the Queen.
Gerry Adams and Martin McGuiness
When did the PIRA end?
They never have really gone away
What does modern internment relate to?
The attempts to contain the fervent Irish Republican movement.
In 1974, the British government, under the direction of the secretary of state for Northern Ireland William Whitelaw, granted _____ to paramilitary prisoners as well as the internees.
Special Category Status
The SCS gave prisoners what privileges?
(1) Freedom of association with others in the prison (previously available only to internees)
(2) One visit per week
(3) The option of wearing prison uniforms
(4) Weekly food parcels
(5) No requirement to perform prison work
How many Special Category prisoners were in the Maze Prison?
More than 1,000
What were the name of the H-shaped houses made for Republican prisoners?
H-blocks
If one looks at the hypocrisies of terrorism (which is mostly oppression committed in the name of freedom), we will see there are several:
Terrorists unilaterally suspend democracy for their own acts
Terrorists expect democratic principles to be fully applied to them if they are captured
Terrorists seek special recognition from governments they do not recognize
Terrorist avoid mentioning violation of their victims’ human rights
What year did the Special Category Service end?
1976
After 1998 Good Friday Agreement, ______ paramilitary prisoners - both Republican and Loyalist - were released.
400
Between August 9, 1971 - December 5, 1975, 1,981 people have been detained; ____ were Catholic/Republican, _____ were Protestant/Loyalist
1,874; 107
How did PIRA obtain their funds?
Bank Robberies, kidnappings, extortion, money laundering, smuggling, and drug dealing, foreign aid and legitimate business ventures.
What are basic ingredients that are part of the basic arsenal of terrorist groups?
Fertilizers and other commercially available chemical compounds found in household products
What was the largest robbery in Northern Ireland’s history?
20 million stolen from the Northern Bank of Ireland in Dec. 2004
The nighttime bomb that detonated in the Grand Hotel in Brighton on Oct 12, 1984, was aimed at who?
Margaret Thatcher’s Conservative Cabinent
Where else did financing come from?
Northern Aid Committee (NORAID) and Friends of Sinn Fein
What has been used less by Republican terrorists?
Kidnapping for ransom
What method was employed by PIRA in the ’70s?
Extortion
What was a major project for PIRA?
Weapons procurement
What does FARC mean?
the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia
What is CIRA and where did it come from?
Continuity Irish Republican Army; a breakaway, or splinter, group of Republicans from the mainstream Provisionals
PIRA uses this name when it wanted to claim responsibility for certain operational activities in Northern Ireland.
Direct Action Against Drugs (DAAD)
This group is a breakaway group from Sinn Fein
The Republican Sinn Fein (RSF)
They split from the Provisional in ‘98 and formed a counterpart to the political 32-country sovereignty movement
the Real IRA
INLA is also called this…
People’s Liberation Army (PLA), People’s Republican Army (PRA), and Catholic Reaction Force (CRF)
INLA’s most audacious act of terror was?
the 1979 assassination of Airey Neeve; he was killed when a powerful bomb destroyed his car as he leaving the Houses of Parliament
What does Supergrass mean?
an outgrowth of an 18th century slang term, copper (meaning informer), which rhymed into grasshopper and was shortened to just grass. Super, was added to precede grass to imply informing on a truly grand scale.
This group was formed at the outset of “The Troubles”, also took its name from its Irish forefathers
Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF)
UVF was responsible for what?
Scores of assassinations in Northern Ireland, mostly innocent Catholics
This group was formed as a political front for the Ulster Defense Association
Ulster Democratic Party (UDP)
Ulster Defense Association (UDA)
Largest Loyalist paramilitary groups in Northern Ireland
Who are the UFF
Ulster Freedom Fighters
This group was formed in late 1998
Red Hand Defenders (RHD)
This group is a Protestant Loyalist paramilitary with ties to the Orange Order; utilized homemade blast bombs and hand grenades
Orange Volunteers (OV)
What was the Diplock Commission?
It was setup to look at ways of dealing with the legal aspects of controlling a terrorist in a deomcratic society
What were the “scheduled offenses” of the act?
Were to be tried by a senior judge sitting alone, with more than the rights of appeal
Bail was prohibited for scheduled offenses unless granted by the High Court, with stringent conditions attached
Persons could be held on police arrests without warrant for 72 hours
Suspects arrested by military could be held for 4 hours
Security forces had extensive powers for search and seizure
Those arrested for weapons and explosives offenses had the onus of proof reversed for them to prove their innocence
Secretary of state could issue detention orders from information gathered if the security forces believed the info and evidence to be valid
The Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) contains; also goes by?
composed disproportionately of Protestant and Unionist members; the Police Service of Northern Ireland
What is the SAS?
Special Air Service Regiment, Britain’s counterterrorism organizations
Acts preparatory to terrorists
This aims to capture those planning serious acts of terrorism
Encouragement to terrorism
This makes it a criminal offence to directly or indirectly incite or encourage others to commit acts of terrorism. This will include the glorification of terrorism, where it may be understood as encouraging the emulation of terrorism
Dissemination of terrorist publications
This will cover the sale, loan, or other dissemination of terrorist publications. This will include those publications that encourage terrorism and those that provide assistance to terrorists
Terrorist training offence
This makes sure that anyone who gives receives training in terrorist techniques can be prosecuted. The act also criminalizes attendances at a place of terrorist training.
