Chapter 5

Question 1

What is the most crucial question a chiro must resolve?

Answer 1

Which vertebra is the cause

Question 2

What aspects make up a subluxation?

Answer 2

May have misalignment but must have nerve involvement causing physiological and pathological conditions

Question 3

Can subluxation be determined by film analysis?

Answer 3

NO

Question 4

What are the 2 main functions of the spinal column?

Answer 4

Protection and support

Question 5

What gives the spinal column flexibility?

Answer 5

Its segmentation into 24 vertebral units

Question 6

What is the most important ligament of the spine?

Answer 6

IVD

Question 7

What type of movement occurs at the IVD/vertebra junction?

Answer 7

Amphiarthrodial movement

Question 8

What type of articulation is present at this joint?

Answer 8

Symphysis articulations

Question 9

What is the most important purpose of the disc?

Answer 9

Provide flexibility while limiting the amount of displacement

Question 10

What holds the nucleus in the center of the disc?

Answer 10

Annulus fibrosus

Question 11

Define optimal relationship in reference to the spine, what allows this to occur?

Answer 11

When all aspects of the vertebral body are in line with subjacent vertebra forming parallel discs.
The nucleus acting as a pivotal ball

Question 12

To determine misalignment of the vertebra what position must the spine be in?

Answer 12

Standing erect position

Question 13

What allows for 2 degree curvatures of the spine?

Answer 13

Difference in thickness at the anterior and posterior borders of the discs

Question 14

What might alter optimal relationships of vertebrae?

Answer 14

Abnormal weight distribution, congenital malformations, subluxations and their effects

Question 15

Describe the process of effects of trauma on the spine

Answer 15

Trauma causes shifting of the vertebra, shifting forces the nucleus against the annulus, the annuls is stretched beyond its limits resulting in deranged fibers, tissue damage leads to inflammation and edema causing disc protrusion, protrusion causes compression of neural structures within the canal or IVF, thus causing nerve pressure and dysfunction

Question 16

What is a subluxation a disorder of?

Answer 16

Disc

Question 17

Do posterior articular processes have anything to do with subluxaton?

Answer 17

No

Question 18

What allows for inferiority of the vertebra?

Answer 18

As the vertebra slips backwards it pushes the nucleus forward and allows the posterior part of the body to drop inferior

Question 19

Describe the stages of disc degeneration

Answer 19

D1= swollen disc, entire disc is thick and swollen (less movement than D5)
D2= disc thin at posterior, space at posterior aspect of disc is diminished and beyond acute stage (cutaneous is oily)
D3= disc very thin at posterior, extremely wedged and at chronic state
D4= total disc thin, thickness is observably diminished to about 2/3 original height
D5= total disc very thin, decreased to about 1/3 and severe damage to the vertebra above, will have movement at end fall
D6= total disc extremely thin, entire disc space greatly diminished from 2/3 to totally reduced, difficult to fix

Question 20

Why is the IVF more apt to experience effects of disc bulging? What is the protrusion made of (disc edema)?

Answer 20

Because the ALL and PLL somewhat restrain anterior and posterior protrusion
Protrusion made of edema resulting from displaced nucleus

Question 21

What 3 reduce motion of the vertebra?

Answer 21

Nucleus displacement toward periphery, edema, adhesions

Question 22

Where can hypermobility be found?

Answer 22

Above or below the fixation because the rest of the vertebra have to make up for the fixation

Question 23

Indications of compensation post and pre x ray?

Answer 23

-

Question 24

Why does a bone compensate or why does compensation occur?

Answer 24

To maintain equilibrium of the body

Question 25

What happens when subluxation is corrected?

Answer 25

The compensation will change its misalignment to accommodate to the subluxation as it is in the correction process

Question 26

Why are compensating vertebra moveable?

Answer 26

Because their nuclei are intact

Question 27

Why is the mechanical system not reliable?

Answer 27

Because of different anatomical and physiological variables such as malformation must be taken into consideration

Question 28

How does subluxation occur without a disc?

Answer 28

-

Question 29

Purpose of lateral and A-P film?

Answer 29

The lateral film determines which vertebra is responsible and the A-P tells how to correct it