Chapter 5

Question 1

Nucleobase

Answer 1

Nitrogen based molecules; ACGT

Question 2

Mutation

Answer 2

Change to the genomic sequence of an organism

Question 3

Gene expression

Answer 3

Information from a gene is transformed into a product

Question 4

Ploidy

Answer 4

Number of copy of unique chromosomes; humans are diploid

Question 5

Transcription

Answer 5

RNA polymerase takes DNA and creates a complimentary strand of mRNA

Question 6

Translation

Answer 6

mRNA is decided by ribosome to make amino acids

Question 7

Autosomes

Answer 7

Chromosomes that do not differ between sexes

Question 8

Sex chromosomes

Answer 8

Pair during meiosis but differ in copy number between males and females

Question 9

Transcription factors

Answer 9

Proteins that bind to DNA sequences and turn genes on or off

Question 10

Alternative splicing

Answer 10

Process of combining different subsets of exons together, yielding different proteins

Question 11

Hormones

Answer 11

Molecular signals that flow from cells in one part of the body to another part; can alter expression of target genes

Question 12

Genome

Answer 12

All of the hereditary information of an organism

Question 13

microRNA

Answer 13

Post-transcription regulators of gene expression

Question 14

Pseudogenes

Answer 14

DNA sequences that resemble functional genes but lost their protein coding ability or are no longer expressed

Question 15

Mobile genetic elements

Answer 15

DNA that can move around in the genome; ex transposons

Question 16

Point mutation

Answer 16

Single base change

Question 17

Insertion

Answer 17

DNA is inserted into the middle of an existing sequence

Question 18

Deletion

Answer 18

Segment of DNA is accidentally deleted

Question 19

Duplication

Answer 19

Segment of DNA is copied a second time

Question 20

Inversion

Answer 20

DNA is inserted backwards

Question 21

Chromosome fusion

Answer 21

Two chromosomes are joined together

Question 22

Aneuploidy

Answer 22

Chromosomes are duplicated or lost

Question 23

Horizontal gene transfer

Answer 23

Transfer of genetic material from one organism to another without decent

Question 24

Vertical gene transfer

Answer 24

Receiving genetic material from an ancestor

Question 25

Plasmids

Answer 25

Molecules of DNA that can replicate independently of chromosomal DNA

Question 26

Cis-acting elements

Answer 26

Stretches of DNA located near a gene influence the expression of that gene

Question 27

Trans-acting elements

Answer 27

Sequences of DNA that are located away from focal gene

Question 28

Somatic mutations

Answer 28

Affects cells in the body of an organism

Question 29

Genetic recombination

Answer 29

Exchange of genetic material between paired chromosomes during meiosis

Question 30

Genetic polymorphisms

Answer 30

Occurrence of two or more discrete phenotypes within a population

Question 31

Polyphenic trait

Answer 31

Trait for which multiple discrete phenotypes can arise from a single genotype depending on the environment

Question 32

Dominant allele

Answer 32

Alleles that produce same phenotype whether they are paired with another allele

Question 33

Recessive allele

Answer 33

Alleles that produce their phenotype only when paired with an identical allele

Question 34

Morphogen

Answer 34

Signaling molecule that flows between nearby cells and directly alters expression of target genes

Question 35

Phenotypic plasticity

Answer 35

Same genotype produces different phenotypes depending on environment

Question 36

Nucleotide

Answer 36

Structural units that link together to form DNA/RNA