Chapter 5

Question 1

What are the four classes of large biological molecules?

Answer 1

Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids, & Lipids.

Question 2

Out of the four large biological molecules, which are macromolecules?

Answer 2

Carbohydrates, Proteins, & Nucleic Acids

Question 3

What is a Monomer?

Answer 3

Like units and the basic building blocks

Question 4

What bond is used to link monomers?

Answer 4

Covalent

Question 5

How are bonds created in Polymers?

Answer 5

By removing water/ Dehydration

Question 6

How are bonds broken in Polymers?

Answer 6

By adding water/ Hydrolysis

Question 7

What are the 3 forms of Carbohydrates?

Answer 7

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, & Polysaccharides.

Question 8

What are Carbohydrates composed of and there ratio?

Answer 8

Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.

Question 9

What are the functions of Carbohydrates?

Answer 9

They serve as fuel, building material, & storage units.

Question 10

What is a Monosaccharide?

Answer 10

The simplest form of Carbohydrates.

Question 11

What is a Disaccharide?

Answer 11

Two monosaccharides joined by a dehydration reaction

Question 12

What is a Polysaccharide?

Answer 12

Polymer of many sugar monomers.

Question 13

What is the linkage for Carbohydrates?

Answer 13

Carbohydrates have a glycosidic linkage.

Question 14

What do plants use to store carbohydrates and where do they store them?

Answer 14

Starch, roots.

Question 15

What do animals use to store carbohydrates and where are they stored?

Answer 15

Glycogen, liver/ muscle.

Question 16

Alpha Hydroxyl groups are all on which side?

What structure do they make?

Answer 16

Same side

Cyclone

Question 17

Beta Hydroxyl groups are on which sides?

What structure do they form?

Answer 17

Opposite sides of each other

Chain link fence

Question 18

What are the functions of proteins?

Answer 18

Storage, Transport, Enzymes, Movement, Immune system, Communication.

Question 19

What are proteins built from?

Answer 19

Amino acids

Question 20

What are the functional groups of a protein?

What are they bonded to?

Answer 20

Amino functional group & Carbonyl functional group

Bonded to a single carbon

Question 21

In a protein molecule, what is a “R” side chain?

Answer 21

Can be any element; it’s the only thing that makes proteins different from each other.

Question 22

What is the linkage of proteins?

Answer 22

Peptide linkage.

Question 23

What are the 4 structures of proteins?

Answer 23

Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

Question 24

Describe a primary structure of a protein.

Answer 24

Amino acids lined up

Question 25

Describe a secondary structure of a protein.

What 2 forms are there?

Answer 25

Hydrogen bonds between carbonyl group & amino group

Alpha Helix & Beta Pleated sheets

Question 26

Describe a tertiary structure of a protein.

Answer 26

“R” groups bonded to other “R” groups by hydrogen & ionic bonds and disulfide bridges (for stabilization).

Question 27

What is a quaternary structure?

Answer 27

Structure that exists in proteins with more than one polypeptide.

Question 28

What are some physical & chemical examples that determine a proteins shape?

Answer 28

Physical: temperature
Chemical: pH level; salt concentration

Question 29

What is a chaperoning?

What is it made of?

Answer 29

Safe place for proteins to finish folding

Protein

Question 30

What happens if proteins misfold?

Answer 30

Disease, if allowed to accumulate.

Question 31

What are 2 examples of nucleic acids?

Answer 31

DNA & RNA