Chapter 5 Flashcards
What are the four classes of large biological molecules?
Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids, & Lipids.
Out of the four large biological molecules, which are macromolecules?
Carbohydrates, Proteins, & Nucleic Acids
What is a Monomer?
Like units and the basic building blocks
What bond is used to link monomers?
Covalent
How are bonds created in Polymers?
By removing water/ Dehydration
How are bonds broken in Polymers?
By adding water/ Hydrolysis
What are the 3 forms of Carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, & Polysaccharides.
What are Carbohydrates composed of and there ratio?
Carbon, Hydrogen, & Oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio.
What are the functions of Carbohydrates?
They serve as fuel, building material, & storage units.
What is a Monosaccharide?
The simplest form of Carbohydrates.
What is a Disaccharide?
Two monosaccharides joined by a dehydration reaction
What is a Polysaccharide?
Polymer of many sugar monomers.
What is the linkage for Carbohydrates?
Carbohydrates have a glycosidic linkage.
What do plants use to store carbohydrates and where do they store them?
Starch, roots.
What do animals use to store carbohydrates and where are they stored?
Glycogen, liver/ muscle.
Alpha Hydroxyl groups are all on which side?
What structure do they make?
Same side
Cyclone
Beta Hydroxyl groups are on which sides?
What structure do they form?
Opposite sides of each other
Chain link fence
What are the functions of proteins?
Storage, Transport, Enzymes, Movement, Immune system, Communication.
What are proteins built from?
Amino acids
What are the functional groups of a protein?
What are they bonded to?
Amino functional group & Carbonyl functional group
Bonded to a single carbon
In a protein molecule, what is a “R” side chain?
Can be any element; it’s the only thing that makes proteins different from each other.
What is the linkage of proteins?
Peptide linkage.
What are the 4 structures of proteins?
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
Describe a primary structure of a protein.
Amino acids lined up
Describe a secondary structure of a protein.
What 2 forms are there?
Hydrogen bonds between carbonyl group & amino group
Alpha Helix & Beta Pleated sheets
Describe a tertiary structure of a protein.
“R” groups bonded to other “R” groups by hydrogen & ionic bonds and disulfide bridges (for stabilization).
What is a quaternary structure?
Structure that exists in proteins with more than one polypeptide.
What are some physical & chemical examples that determine a proteins shape?
Physical: temperature
Chemical: pH level; salt concentration
What is a chaperoning?
What is it made of?
Safe place for proteins to finish folding
Protein
What happens if proteins misfold?
Disease, if allowed to accumulate.
What are 2 examples of nucleic acids?
DNA & RNA
