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Anatomy & Physiology Test 2 > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest system of the body in terms of surface area?

A

Integumentary system

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2
Q

What two parts make up the integument?

A

cutaneous membrane (skin), accessory structures (hair, glands, nails)

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3
Q

What are the 3 components of the cutaneous membrane?

A
  1. epidermis
  2. dermis
  3. hypodermis
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4
Q

Where do accessory structures originate?

A

the dermis and extend through the epidermis to the skin surface

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5
Q

What is the epidermis made of?

A

superficial epithelium

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6
Q

What is the dermis made of?

A

connective tissues

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7
Q

What is the hypodermis made of?

A

loose connective tissue

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8
Q

What are the functions of the skin?

A
  1. protection (physical barrier)
  2. excretion (exocrine glands)
  3. maintenance (body temp through insulation and evaporation)
  4. production of melanin, keratin
  5. synthesis of vitamin D3
  6. storage of lipids
  7. detection
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9
Q

What are the cells of the epidermis?

hint: they are the most abundant cells in the epidermis

A

keratinocytes

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10
Q

What type of skin covers most of the body and how many layers does it have?

A

thin skin; 4

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11
Q

What type of skin covers the palms of hands and soles of feet and how many layers does it have?

A

thick skin; 5

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12
Q

What are the 5 strata of keratinocytes in thick skin from bottom to top?

A
  1. stratum basale
  2. stratum spinosum
  3. stratum granulosum
  4. stratum lucidum
  5. stratum corneum
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13
Q

What is the top layer of the skin?

A

stratum corneum

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14
Q

What is the clear layer of skin found only in thick skin?

A

stratum lucidum

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15
Q

What is the non-dividing layer of skin?

A

stratum granulosum

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16
Q

What is the layer of skin that replicates to form keratinocytes and dendritic?

A

stratum spinosum

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17
Q

What is the layer of skin that replenishes dead cells?

A

stratum basale

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18
Q

What is keratinization?

A

The process that

  1. forms a layer of dead, protective cells
  2. occurs on all exposed skin surfaces except eyes
  3. takes 15-30 days for a cell to completely move through the cycle
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19
Q

What are the 2 kinds of perspiration?

A

insensible and sensible

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20
Q

What is insensible perspiration?

A

interstitial fluid lost by evaporation through the stratum corneum

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21
Q

What is sensible perspiration?

A

water excreted by the sweat glands

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22
Q

What 2 pigments influence skin color?

A

carotene and melanin, as well as blood circulation

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23
Q

What is carotene?

A

orange, yellow pigment that accumulates in the dermis and epidermis and can be converted to vitamin A

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24
Q

What is melanin?

A

brown or black pigment that is produced by melanocytes in the stratum basal; store din transport vesicles and is later transferred to keratinocytes

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25
Q

What is the function of melanocytes?

A

protect the body from UV radiation

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26
Q

Increased blood flow does what to the skin?

A

skin reddens

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27
Q

Decreased blood flow does what to the skin and can lead to what?

A

pale skin; cyanosis

28
Q

What is jaundice?

A

buildup of bile produced by the liver which causes a yellow color to the skin

29
Q

What are a pituitary tumor and Addison’s disease?

A

diseases of pituitary glands which cause darkening of the skin

30
Q

What is vitiligo?

A

loss of melanocytes which causes a loss of skin color

31
Q

What is cholecalciferol?

A

vitamin D3 which is produced by the epidermis in the presence of UV radiation

32
Q

What can happen due to insufficient amounts of vitamin D3?

A

rickets

33
Q

What is epidermal growth factor? (EGF)

A

it’s a powerful peptide growth factor produced by the glands which accelerates keratin production and stimulates epidermal repair

34
Q

What are the two components of the dermis?

A
  1. outer papillary layer

2. deep reticular layer

35
Q

What does the papillary layer of the dermis consist of?

A

areolar tissue which contains smaller capillaries, lymphatics, and sensory neurons

36
Q

What does the reticular layer of the dermis consist of?

A

dense irregular connective tissue which contains larger blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers

37
Q

What is dermatitis?

A

inflammation of the papillary layer of skin which causes itching and pain

38
Q

Skin damage to the dermis is caused by:

A

dehydration, age, hormonal changes, UV exposure

39
Q

What is the cutaneous plexus?

A

a network of arteries along the reticular layer of skin

40
Q

What is the papillary plexus?

A

a capillary network from small arteries in the papillary layer

41
Q

What is the venous plexus?

A

a capillary return deep to the papillary plexus

42
Q

What is a contusion?

A

damage to blood vessels resulting in black and blue bruising

43
Q

What do nerve fibers in the skin control?

A

blood flow, gland secretions, sensory receptors

44
Q

What does the hypodermis do, what is it made of, and where does it lie?

A

stabilizes the skin and allows separate movement. lies below the integument. made of elastic, areolar, and adipose tissues.

45
Q

The hypodermic contains _______.

A

deposits of subcutaneous fat

46
Q

What are the functions of hair?

A
  1. protect and insulate
  2. guards openings against particles and insects
  3. is sensitive to very light touch
47
Q

Where is the hair follicle located and what does it do?

A
  1. located deep in the dermis
  2. produces nonliving hairs
  3. wrapped in dense connective tissue sheath
  4. base is surrounded by sensory nerves
48
Q

What is the lower part of the hair called?

A

hair root (attached to integument)

49
Q

What is the upper part of the hair called?

A

hair shaft (not attached to the integument)

50
Q

Where does hair production begin?

A

base of a hair follicle, deep in the dermis

51
Q

The ________ contains capillaries and nerves.

A

hair papilla

52
Q

The _______ produces hair matrix.

A

Hair bulb

53
Q

What is the hair bulb and what does it do?

A

it’s a layer of dividing basal cells which produces hair structure and pushes hair up and out of skin

54
Q

As hair is produced, it is_______.

A

keratinized

55
Q

_____ contains flexible, soft keratin.

A

medulla

56
Q

_____ & ______ contain stiff, hard keratin.

A

cortex; cuticle

57
Q

What type of hair is soft and fine and covers the body surface?

A

vellus hair

58
Q

What type of hair is heavy and pigmented and covers the head, eyebrows, and eyelashes?

A

terminal hair

59
Q

What produces hair color?

A

melanocytes

60
Q

What do the sebaceous glands secrete?

A

sebum

61
Q

What are the 2 types of sweat glands?

A
  1. apocrine

2. merocrine (watery secretions)

62
Q

What do the ceruminuous glands produce?

A

cerumen (earwax)

63
Q

What controls the sebaceous and apocrine sweat glands?

A

automatic nervous system

64
Q

What controls the merocrine sweat glands?

A

they are controlled independently

65
Q

What happens to the integument following an injury?

A
  1. bleeding occurs
  2. mast cells trigger inflammatory response
  3. a scab forms
  4. germinative cells migrate around the wound
  5. macrophages clean the area
  6. fibroblasts and endothelial cells move in, producing granulation tissue
66
Q

What do fibroblasts produce following an injury?

A

scar tissue

Anatomy & Physiology Test 2 (2 decks)

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