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Anatomy & Physiology Test 2 > Chapter 10 > Flashcards

Chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle tissue accounts for ______ % of the human body weight.

A

30-50

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2
Q

Muscle tissue is a primary tissue type divded into:

A

skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle tissue

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3
Q

What are the six functions of the skeletal muscle tissue? **

A
  1. produce skeletal movement
  2. maintain posture and body position
  3. support soft tissues
  4. guard entrances and exits
  5. maintain body temperature
  6. store nutrient reserves
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4
Q

Muscles have ____ layers of connective tissues.

A

3

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5
Q

What are the 3 layers of connective tissues? **

A
  1. epimysium
  2. perimysium
  3. endomysium
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6
Q

What is epimysium? **

A

exterior collagen tissue

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7
Q

What is perimysium? **

A

surrounds muscle fiber bundle

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8
Q

What is endomysium? **

A

surrounds muscle cells

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9
Q

What is the purpose of muscle attachments and where are they located?

A

muscle attachments are located at the end of muscles ad they form connective tissue attachment to bone matrix.
ex: tendon (bundle)

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10
Q

Muscles have extensive vascular systems that:

  1. _________
  2. ________
  3. ________
A
  1. supply large amounts of oxygen
  2. supply nutrients
  3. carry away wastes
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11
Q

Skeletal muscles are ______ muscles, which means that they are controlled by _______.

A

voluntary; nerves of the central nervous system

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12
Q

What are characteristics of skeletal muscle cells?

A
  1. they are very long
  2. they develop through fusion of mesodermal cells (myoblasts)
  3. they become very large
  4. they contain hundreds of nuclei
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13
Q

What are mybrofils?

A

lengthwise subdivisions within muscle fiber

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14
Q

What are the 2 types of myofilaments?

A

thin filaments and thick filaments

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15
Q

What are thin filaments made of?

A

the protein actin

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16
Q

What are thick filaments made of?

A

the protein myosin

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17
Q

What is the sarcolemma?

A

the cell membrane of a muscle fiber (cell)

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18
Q

What are the transverse tubules? and what do they do?

A

transmit action potential through the cell and allow the entire muscle fiber to contract simultaneously

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19
Q

What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum? and what does it do?

A

it is a membranous structure surrounding each myofibril that helps transmit action potential to myofibril and forms chambers attached to transverse tubules

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20
Q

What forms a triad in the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

A

1 T tubule and 2 terminal cisternae

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21
Q

What do cisternae do?

A

concentrate Ca2+ (via ion pumps) and release Ca2+ into sacromeres to begin muscle contraction

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22
Q

What is the A band? **

A

it is a thick filament of the sacromere

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23
Q

What is the M line? **

A

it is the center of the A band and at the center of the sacromere

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24
Q

What is the H band?**

A

the area around the M line that only has thick filaments

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25
Q

What is the zone of overlap?**

A

it is the densest darkest region where thick and thin filaments overlap

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26
Q

What is the I band made up of?**

A

Z lines and titin

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27
Q

What are Z lines?**

A

the center of the I bands at the 2 ends of the sacromere

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28
Q

What is titian?**

A

strand sof protein that reach from tips of thick filaments to the Z line and stabilize the filaments

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29
Q

What makes up thin filament?

A
  1. F-actin
  2. Nebulin
  3. Tropomyosin
  4. Troponin
30
Q

What does F-actin do?

A

it is 2 twisted rows of globular G-actin. the actives sites on G-actin strands bind to myosin

31
Q

What is nebulin?

A

it holds the F-actin strands together

32
Q

What is tropomyosin?

A

it is a double strand that prevents actin-myosin interaction

33
Q

What is troponin?

A

it is a globular protein that binds tropomyosin to G-actin and is controlled by Ca2+

34
Q

How is contraction initiated?

A
  1. Ca2+ binds to receptor on troponin molecule
  2. troponin-tropomyosin complex changes
  3. exposes active site of F-actin
35
Q

Thick filament contains about _____ twisted myosin subunits.

A

300

36
Q

Thick filaments contain __________ that recoil after stretching.

A

titin strands

37
Q

The myosin molecule contains a ____ & ______.

A

head and tail

38
Q

What does the tail of a myosin molecule do?

A

binds to other myosin molecules

39
Q

What does the head of myosin do?

A

it is made of 2 globular protein units and reaches the nearest thin filament

40
Q

During contraction, myosin heads:
1.
2.

A
  1. interact with actin filaments, forming cross bridges

2. pivot, producing motion

41
Q

What is the neuromuscular junction?

A

it is a special intercellular connection between the nervous system and skeletal muscle fiber that controls calcium ion release into the sarcoplasm

42
Q

What are the steps of the contraction cycle? **

A
  1. contraction cycle begins
  2. active-site exposure
  3. cross-bridge formation
  4. myosin head pivoting
  5. cross-bridge detachment
  6. myosin reactivation
43
Q

Contraction are classified based on the pattern of tension production. What are the 2 types of contraction?

A
  1. isotonic contraction

2. isometric contraction

44
Q

In isotonic contraction, skeletal muscle changes _____, resulting in ______.

A

length; motion

45
Q

In isotonic contraction, if the muscle tension > load, the muscle ______. **

A

shortens (concentric contraction)

46
Q

In isotonic contraction, if muscle tension < load, the muscle ________. **

A

lengthens (eccentric contraction)

47
Q

In isometric contraction, skeletal muscle develops tension, but it is prevented from ___________. **

A

changing length

48
Q

_____ provides energy for muscle contraction.

A

ATP

49
Q

______ muscle contraction uses a lot of ATP energy.

A

sustained

50
Q

How do muscle cells generate ATP? **

A
  1. aerobic metabolism of fatty acids in mitochondria

2. anaerobic glycolysis in the cytoplasm

51
Q

Aerobic metabolism is the __________ of resting muscles. **

A

primary energy source

52
Q

Aerobic metabolism breaks down _______. **

A

fatty acids

53
Q

_______ is the primary energy source for peak muscular activity. **

A

glycolysis

54
Q

During muscles’ recovery period, _________ & __________.

A

oxygen becomes available; mitochondrial activity resumes

55
Q

After exercise, there is an oxygen ____.

A

debt

56
Q

What are the 3 types of skeletal muscle fibers?

A
  1. fast fibers
  2. slow fibers
  3. intermediate fibers
57
Q

What are the characteristics of fast fibers? **

A
  1. contract very quickly
  2. have large diameter, large glycogen reserves, few mitochondria
  3. have strong contractions, fatigue quickly
58
Q

What are the characteristics of slow fibers? **

A
  1. are slow to contract, slow to fatigue
  2. have small diameter, more mitochondria
  3. have high oxygen supply
  4. contain myoglobin
59
Q

What is muscle hypertrophy? **

A

muscle growth from heavy training

60
Q

What is muscle atrophy? **

A

lack of muscle activity

61
Q

Concerning physical conditioning, what do anaerobic activities do?

A

they use fast fibers and cause hypertrophy

62
Q

Concerning physical condition, what do aerobic activities do?

A

improve power and endurance and improve cardiovascular performance

63
Q

Cardiac muscle cells are ____ and found only in the _____.

A

striated; heart

64
Q

Cardiac muscle cells are called ______.

A

cardiocytes

65
Q

Cardiocytes are: **

A
  1. small
  2. have a single nucleus
  3. have short, wide T tubules
  4. have SR with no terminal cistern
  5. are aerobic
  6. have intercalated discs
66
Q

What is the point of intercalated discs in cardiac muscle?

A

they are specialized contact points between cardiocytes that

  1. maintain structure
  2. enhance molecular and electrical connections
  3. conduct action potentials
67
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue contracts without ________, because they are controlled by ______.

A

neural stimulation; pacemaker cells

68
Q

Cardiac muscle cells can contract ___ times as long as skeletal muscle cells.

A

10

69
Q

What are the structural characteristics of smooth muscle tissue?

A
  1. nonstriated
  2. different internal organization of actin and myosin
  3. different functional characteristics
70
Q

Smooth muscle cells have ___ filaments attached to ____bodies.

A

thin; dense

71
Q

What controls contraction in smooth muscle tissue?

A
  1. multiunit smooth muscle cells

2. visceral smooth muscle cells

Anatomy & Physiology Test 2 (2 decks)

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