Chapter 5

Question 1

Cline

Answer 1

A gradual change in some phenotypic characteristic from one population to the next

Question 2

Life history

Answer 2

the timing and details of growth events and development events from conception through senescence and death

Question 3

Stressors

Answer 3

Any factor that can cause stress in an organism potentially affect the body’s proper functioning and its homeostasis

Question 4

Intraterine

Answer 4

Refers to the area within the uterus

Question 5

Growth Velocity

Answer 5

The speed with which an organism grows in size, often measured as the amount of growth per year

Question 6

Deciduous dentition

Answer 6

Also known as baby teeth or milk teeth, this is the first set of teeth, which form in utero and erupt shortly after birth

Question 7

Weaning

Answer 7

the process of substituting other foods for the milk produced by the mother

Question 8

Motor skills

Answer 8

refers to the performance of complex movements and actions that require the control of nerves and muscles

Question 9

Cognitive abilities

Answer 9

Refers to the capacity of the brain to perceive, process, and judge information from the surrounding environment

Question 10

Menarche

Answer 10

refers to the onset of menstruation in an adolescent female

Question 11

Sexual dimorphism

Answer 11

A difference in a physical attribute between the males and females of a species

Question 12

Epiphyses

Answer 12

The end portions of long bones; once they fuse to the diaphyses, the bones stop growing longer

Question 13

Diaphyses

Answer 13

The main midsection, or shaft, portions of long bones; each contains a medullary cavity

Question 14

Nonmineralized

Answer 14

Refers to bone reduced to its organic component.

Question 15

Hypothermia

Answer 15

A condition in which an organism’s body temperature falls below the normal range, which may lead to the loss of proper body functions and eventually, death

Question 16

SecularTrend

Answer 16

A phenotyic change due to multiple factors, Such trends can be positive (e.g. increased height) or negative (e.g. decreased height)

Question 17

Aging

Answer 17

The process of maturation

Question 18

Senescence

Answer 18

Refers to an organism’s biological changes in later adulthood

Question 19

Homeostasis

Answer 19

The maintenance of the internal environment of an organism within an acceptable range

Question 20

Menopause

Answer 20

the cessation of the menstrual cycle, signifying the end of a female’s ability to bear children

Question 21

Osteoporosis

Answer 21

The loss of bone mass often due to age, causing the bones to become porous, brittle, and easily fractured

Question 22

Anthropemetry

Answer 22

Measurement of the human body

Question 23

Functional adaptations

Answer 23

Biological changes that occur during an individual’s lifetime, increasing the individual’s life fitness in the given environment

Question 24

Homeothermic

Answer 24

Refers to an organism’s ability to maintain a constant body temperature despite great variations in environmental temperature

Question 25

Vasodilation

Answer 25

the increase in blood vessels’ diameter due to the action of a nerve or of a drug: it can also occur in response to hot temperatures

Question 26

Bergmann’s Rule

Answer 26

The priniciple that an animal’s size is heat-related; limbs are longer in hot environments and larger bodies are adapted to cold environments

Question 27

Allen’s Rule

Answer 27

The principle that an animal’s limb lengths are heat-related; limbs are longer in hot environments and shorter in cold environments

Question 28

Vasoconstriction

Answer 28

The decrease in blood vessels’ diameter due to the action of a nerve or of a drug; it can also occur i response to cold temperatures

Question 29

Basal Metabolic rate (BMR)

Answer 29

The rate at which an organism, while at rest, expends energy to maintain basic bodily functions; measured by the amount of heat given off per kilogram of body weight.

Question 30

Skin reflectance

Answer 30

Refers to the amount of light reflected from the skin that can be measured and used to assess skin color

Question 31

Melanocytes

Answer 31

Melanin-producing cells located in the skin’s epidermis

Question 32

Melanin

Answer 32

A brown pigment that determines the darkness or lightness of a human’s skin color due to is concentration in the skin

Question 33

Sun protection factor (SPF)

Answer 33

The rating calculated by comparing the length of time needed for protected skin to burn to the length of time needed for unprotected skin to burn

Question 34

Hypoxia

Answer 34

Less than usual sea-level amount of oxygen in the air or in the body

Question 35

Basal Metabolic Requirement

Answer 35

The needed minimum amount of energy needed to keep an organism alive

Question 36

Total Daily Energy Expenditure (TDEE)

Answer 36

The number of calories used by an organism’s body during a 24-hour period

Question 37

Macronutrients

Answer 37

Essential chemical nutrients, including fat, carbohydrates, and protein, that a body needs to live and to function normally

Question 38

Micronutrients

Answer 38

Essential substances, such as minerals or vitamins, needed in very small amounts to maintain normal body functioning

Question 39

Hypercholesterolemia

Answer 39

The presence of high levels of cholesterol in an organism’s blood; this condition may result from the dietary consumption of foods that promote high cholesterol or through the inheritance of genetic disorder

Question 40

Type 2 Diabetes

Answer 40

A disease in which the body does not produce sufficient amounts of insulin or the cells do not use available insulin, causing a buildup of glucose in the cells