Chapter 5

Question 0

Authority

Answer 0

Power that people accept as legitimate rather than coercive.

Question 1

Aggregate

Answer 1

A collection of people who happen to be in the same place at the same time but share little else in common.

Question 2

Authoritarianism

Answer 2

A political system controlled by rulers who deny popular participation in government.

Question 3

Authoritarian Leaders

Answer 3

Leaders who make all major group decisions and assign tasks to members.

Question 4

Conformity

Answer 4

The process of maintaining or changing behavior to comply with the norms established by a society, subculture, or other group.

Question 5

Bureaucracy

Answer 5

An organizational model characterized by a hierarchy of authority, a clear division of labor, explicit rules and procedures, and impersonality in personnel matters.

Question 6

Category

Answer 6

A number of people who may never have met one another but share a similar characteristic, such as education level, age, race or gender.

Question 7

Bureaucratic Personality

Answer 7

A psychological construct that describes those workers who are more concerned with following correct procedures than they are with getting the job done correctly.

Question 8

Division of Labor

Answer 8

How the various tasks of a society are divided up and performed.

Question 9

Corporations

Answer 9

Organizations that have legal powers, such as the ability to enter into contracts and buy and sell property, separate from the I individual owners.

Question 10

Democratic Leaders

Answer 10

Leaders who encourage group discussion and decision making through consensus building.

Question 11

Dyad

Answer 11

A group composed of two members.

Question 12

Formal organization

Answer 12

A highly structured group formed for the purpose of completing certain tasks or achieving specific goals.

Question 13

Groupthink

Answer 13

The process by which members of a cohesive group arrive at a decision that many individual members privately believe is unwise.

Question 14

Goal Displacement

Answer 14

A process that occurs in organizations when the rules become an end in themselves rather than a means to an end, and organizational survival becomes more important than achievement of goals.

Question 15

Expressive Leadership

Answer 15

Leadership that provides emotional support for members.

Question 16

Informal Side of a Bureaucracy

Answer 16

Those aspects of participants’ day-to-day activities and interactions that ignore, bypass, or do not correspond with the official rules and procedures of the bureaucracy.

Question 17

Ingroup

Answer 17

A group to which a person belongs and with which the person feels a sense of identity.

Question 18

Instrumental Leadership

Answer 18

Goal- or task-oriented leadership.

Question 19

Ideal Type

Answer 19

An abstract model that describes the recurring characteristics of some phenomenon.

Question 20

Outgroup

Answer 20

A group to which a person does not belong and toward which the person may feel a sense of competitiveness or hostility.

Question 21

Norms

Answer 21

Established rules of behavior or standards of conduct.

Question 22

Laissez-Faire Leaders

Answer 22

Leaders who are only minimally involved in decision making and who encourage group members to make their own decisions.

Question 23

Iron Law of Oligarchy

Answer 23

According to Robert Michels, the tendency of bureaucracies to be ruled by a few people.

Question 24

Primary Group

Answer 24

A small, less specialized group in which members engage in face-to-face, emotion-based interactions over an extended period of time.

Question 25

Prestige

Answer 25

The respect or regard with which a person or status position is given by others.

Question 26

Power

Answer 26

According to Max Weber, the ability of people or groups to achieve their goals goals despite opposition from others.

Question 27

Rationality

Answer 27

The process by which traditional methods of social organization, characterized by informality and spontaneity, are gradually replaced by efficiently administered formal rules and procedures.

Question 28

Reference Group

Answer 28

A group that strongly influences a person’s behavior and social attitudes, regardless of whether that individual is an actual member.

Question 29

Punishment

Answer 29

Any action designed to deprive a person of things of value (including liberty) because of some offense the person is thought to have committed.

Question 30

Secondary Group

Answer 30

A larger, more specialized group in which members engage in more-impersonal, goal-oriented relationships for a limited period of time.

Question 31

Technology

Answer 31

The knowledge, techniques, and tools that allow people to transform resources into usable forms and the knowledge and skills required to use what is developed.

Question 32

Social Group

Answer 32

A group that consists of two or more people who interact frequently and share a common identity and a feeling of interdependence.

Question 33

Theory

Answer 33

A set of logically interrelated statements that attempts to describe, explain, and (occasionally) predict social events.

Question 34

Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Answer 34

A combined measure that attempts to classify individuals, families, or households in terms of factors such as income, occupation, and education to determine class location.

Question 35

Triad

Answer 35

A group composed of three members.

Question 36

Total Institution

Answer 36

Erving Goffman’s term for a place where people are isolated from the rest of society for a set period of time and come under the control of the officials who run the institution.

Question 37

Small Group

Answer 37

A collectivity small enough for all members to be acquainted with one another and to interact simultaneously.

Question 38

Subculture

Answer 38

A category of people who share distinguishing attributes, beliefs, values, and/or norms that set them apart in some significant manner from the dominant culture.