Chapter 5

Question 1

4 functions of the system

Answer 1

ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination

Question 2

absorption

Answer 2

digested food passes through the lining cells or epithelium of the small intestine and into the bloodstream.

Question 3

mastication

Answer 3

chewing

Question 4

deglutition

Answer 4

swallowing

Question 5

esophagus

Answer 5

9-10 inch muscular tube extending from the pharynx to the stomach.

Question 6

Peristalisis

Answer 6

involuntary, progressive, rhythmic contraction of muscles in the wall of the esophagus propelling a bolus (mass of food) down toward the stomach

Question 7

sphincters

Answer 7

control the openings into and leading out of the stomach.

Question 8

bolus

Answer 8

mass of food

Question 9

diarrhea

Answer 9

results from reduced water absorption into the bloodstream through the walls of the large intestine.

Question 10

jaundice (hyperbilirubinemia)

Answer 10

yellow discoloration of the skin, whites of the eyes, and mucous membranes.

Question 11

duodenum

Answer 11

first part of small intestine; receives a mixture of bile and pancreas juices

Question 12

Functions of liver (4)

Answer 12

1. maintains normal blood glucose levels. 2. Manufacturing blood proteins, those necessary for bloodclotting. 3. Release bilirubin, a pigment in bile. 4. Removing poisons from the blood.

Question 13

appendix

Answer 13

blind pouch hanging from the cecum

Question 14

bile

Answer 14

digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder.

Question 15

gallbladder

Answer 15

small sac under the liver; stores bile

Question 16

pancreas

Answer 16

organ under the stomach; produces insulin and enzymes

Question 17

pyloric sphincter

Answer 17

ring of muscle at the end of the stomach, near the duodenum

Question 18

cholecyst/o

Answer 18

gallbladder

Question 19

col/o

Answer 19

colon, large intestine

Question 20

dent/i

Answer 20

tooth

Question 21

enter/o

Answer 21

intestines

Question 22

lingu/o

Answer 22

tongue

Question 23

chol/e

Answer 23

gall, bile

Question 24

-iasis

Answer 24

abnormal condition

Question 25

-prandial

Answer 25

meal

Question 26

anorexia

Answer 26

lack of appetite

Question 27

ascites

Answer 27

abnormal accumulation of fluid in the abdomen

Question 28

eructation

Answer 28

gas expelled from the stomach through the mouth

Question 29

Causes of jaundice (3)

Answer 29

1. excessive destruction of erythrocytes causes excess bilirubin in the blood; 2. Malfunction of liver cells due to liver disease prevents the liver from excreting bilirubin with bile; 3. Obstruction of bile flow.

Question 30

melena

Answer 30

black, tarry stools; feces containing digested blood

Question 31

esophageal varices

Answer 31

swollen, varicose veins at the lower end of the esophagus

Question 32

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

Answer 32

solids and fluids return to the mouth from the stomach

Question 33

Heartburn

Answer 33

the burning sensation caused by regurgitating of hydrochloric acid from the stomach to the esophagus

Question 34

hernia

Answer 34

protrusion of an organ or part through the muscle normally containing it.

Question 35

hiatal hernia

Answer 35

occurs when the upper part of the stomach protrudes upward through the diaphragm (this condition can lead to GERD)

Question 36

inguinal hernia

Answer 36

occurs when a small loop of bowel protrudes through a weak lower abdominal muscle

Question 37

Crohn disease (Crohn's)

Answer 37

chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract

Question 38

diverticulosis

Answer 38

abnormal outpouchings in the intestinal wall

Question 39

dysentery

Answer 39

painful, inflamed intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection

Question 40

ileus

Answer 40

loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines

Question 41

volvulus

Answer 41

twisting of the intestine on itself

Question 42

cirrhosis

Answer 42

chronic degenerative disease of the liver

Question 43

viral hepatits

Answer 43

inflammation of the liver caused by a virus

Question 44

Hepatitis A

Answer 44

caused by hepatitis A virus; spread by contaminated food or water and characterized by slow onset of symptoms

Question 45

Hepatits B

Answer 45

caused by hepatitis B virus; transmitted by blood transfusion, sexual contact, or the use of contaminated needles or instruments

Question 46

Hepatitis C

Answer 46

caused by hepatits C virus; transmitted by blood transfusions or needle inoculation