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Network Technology and Management (N+) > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Physical Topology

A

Physical topology is the physical layout of the media, nodes and devices on a network

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2
Q

Commonly used LAN topologies

A

Commonly used LAN topologies are the bus, ring and star

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3
Q

Bus Topology

A

Bus topology uses a single cable (the bus) connecting all network devices (without intervening connectivity devices

Bus topology is implemented with coaxial cable; therefore older technology

Transmissions go to all nodes connected to the bus; not just the sender and the receiver

If a second node attempts to transmit while another node is transmitting, the transmissions will collide causing both transmissions to fail therefore, a bus only supports one transmission at a time

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4
Q

backbone

A

A bus topology that connects multiple network segments

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5
Q

BNC Connectors

A

Physical component of bus topology

BNC Connectors at the end of each cable

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6
Q

T-connectors

A

Physical component of bus topology

T-connectors are required to connect network coaxial cables and NICs

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7
Q

Terminator

A

Physical component of bus topology

Terminator is required at the end of the bus to absorb the signals

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8
Q

signal bounce

A

Any opening in the bus (cut coax, disconnected BNC connector or missing terminator) will cause all transmissions to fail due to signal bounce

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9
Q

passive topology

A

Bus topology is a passive topology

A passive topology is a topology in which the devices simply pass the signals on to the next device without repeating (digital) or amplifying (analog) the transmission. Because of the passive nature of the bus, signal continues to get weaker (attenuate) as the signal moves along the bus.

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10
Q

maximum distance of transmission across a bus

A

Maximum distance of transmission across a bus is the total distance between the sending and receiving nodes

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11
Q

bus communication

A

Because the bus only contains a single channel, bus topology only supports half duplex communications

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12
Q

access method

A

The term access method when used in relation to network topologies refers to how a node determines whether or not it can transmit

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13
Q

access method for bus communications

A

Node (NIC) desiring to transmit tests the channel to see if there is any activity on the channel (is another node is transmitting)

If the node detects no activity, the node assumes that it is Ok to transmit

Problems:

Two or more nodes can (1) be listening at the same time, (2) detect no activity and (3) begin transmissions which would result in a collision of the signals and a failed transmission

Potential for this problem to occur increases as the bus

grows in terms of number of nodes and amount of network traffic

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14
Q

bus topology scalability

A

Low level of scalability (the ability of the network to grow) because:

Single transmission restriction

Higher potential for collisions

Difficult to trouble-shoot problems due to difficulty in identifying the location of the problem since a single failure causes the entire bus to fail

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15
Q

ring topology

A

Ring topology is configured so that every node is connected to the two nearest nodes creating a ring

Packets are passed clockwise around the ring

A node accepts the packets that are addressed to it and passes other packets to the next node on the ring

Twisted pair and fiber optic are most commonly used media

active topology

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16
Q

active topology

A

ring topology is an active topology

An active topology is a topology in which each node repeats or amplifies the signal back to full strength

Since each node in an active topology puts the signal back to full strength, maximum segment length applies to the distance between each node

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17
Q

access method for a ring topology

A

Access method for a ring is typically token passing (Token Ring network technology)

A packet called an access token is passed around the ring

Only one node (the node with the access token) can transmit at a time; therefore collisions (failures due to two devices transmitting at the same time) should not occur

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18
Q

access token

A

The access token is an indication to a node that it is Ok to transmit

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19
Q

ring topology tolerance

A

Failure of any device on the ring or any break in the ring will cause the entire ring to fail

This characteristic causes the ring topology to not be fault tolerant

Topology is difficult to trouble shoot because a failure anyplace on the ring will cause the entire ring to fail

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20
Q

ring topology scalability

A

ring Topology is not highly scalable because it only supports one transmission at a time

21
Q

star topology

A

Star topology connects each node individually through a central device

connected through twister pair or fiber optics with RJ45 connectors, ethernet NIC’s, and hubs/switches

active topology:
Hubs and switches are active devices that repeat the signal

Maximum segment length applies to the distance between the hub/switch and the node

Easier to trouble-shoot:

Failure of a single node is probably due to connection with the node or failure of the node itself

Failure of all nodes is probably due to failure of the hub /switch

22
Q

star topology fault tolerance

A

Fault tolerant due to separate channel for each device; but dependant on central device

23
Q

star topology scalability

A

Scalable due to (1) separate channel for each node and (2) ability to support multiple communications if an appropriate switch is used

24
Q

hybrid topologies

A

Hybrid topologies combine two or more simple topologies to form a complex network

25
Q

Star wired bus

A

Star wired bus uses bus to connect multiple star segments

Extends the length of the network with minimal cabling

Allows for multiple communications if appropriate switches are used

Nodes on Switch A can be communicating with other nodes on Switch A at the same time that nodes on Switch B are communicating with other nodes on Switch B

Limited to a single communication across the backbone

hybrid topology

26
Q

network backbone

A

A network backbone is the cabling that connects the hubs, switches and routers in a network

Backbones are usually capable of more throughput than the cabling that connects workstations due to the need to handle more traffic

27
Q

serial backbone

A

A serial backbone consists of two or more devices (switches, hubs or routers) connected to each with a single cable

Allows the network to extended more efficiently than a single star network that requires every node to be connected to the central connectivity device

Switches, hubs and other devices connected via a serial backbone are active devices resulting in resulting in longer segment distances

There are technical limitations to how many devices you can connect in this manner (to be discussed later)

28
Q

daisy chain

A

Connecting devices in this manner (one to the next to the next) is known as a daisy chain

29
Q

distributed backbone

A

A distributed backbone consists of multiple levels of connectivity devices

Allows for simple expansion (through the addition of connectivity devices) but there are limitations to how many levels of devices can be on a distributed backbone

A distributed backbone can incorporate routers and possibly WAN connections to connect multiple phyiscal networks into a single logical LAN

30
Q

parallel backbone

A

A parallel backbone provides fault tolerance through multiple connections between the connectivity devices

31
Q

ethernet

A

Ethernet is, by far, the most popular network technology for implementing physical connections

Ethernet is implemented at the Physical and Datalink layers of the OSI model

Ethernet consists of multiple variations (wired Ethernet is compatible with but not the same as wireless Ethernets)

Wired Ethernet uses Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) as its access method

32
Q

Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD)

A

Collisions are a normal and expected characteristic of CSMA/CD

Higher level of collisions decrease throughput

Risk of collisions increases as the network grows and / or network traffic increases since the potential exists for more nodes to be transmitting

33
Q

collision domain

A

Collision domain is the segment of a network in which collisions will occur if two or more nodes transmit simultaneously

When using hubs, the collision domain includes all nodes attached to the hub because the hub sends the transmission to all nodes

When using switches, the collision domain is limited to the nodes that are involved in the transmission

34
Q

shared ethernet

A

Traditional Ethernet (Shared Ethernet) utilizes a hub that broadcasts to all connected nodes

All nodes are in the same collision domain

Only a single transmission can occur at any point in time

35
Q

switched ethernet

A

Switched Ethernet isolates the transmission to the destination node

Only sending and receiving node are in the same collision domain

Can potentially support multiple simultaneous transmissions

More secure than Shared Ethernet since transmission does not go to all nodes

When two nodes on the same switch are communicating with each other, the collision domain is simply those two nodes

36
Q

IEEE

A

IEEE establishes the standards for wired Ethernet

37
Q

ethernet standards designations

A

Ethernet standards are designated in the following format:

10Base-T

First - maximum capacity in Mbps
Second - baseband
Third - twisted Pair

38
Q

10Base-T

A

Older Ethernet standard that replaced coax cables

Uses two twisted pairs for full duplex communications

Requires CAT 3 or higher cable

Supports star topology

100 meter maximum segment length (between two devices)

5-4-3 rule determines the maximum size of the network

39
Q

5-4-3 rule

A

Between two communicating devices there can be no more than:
5 network segments
4 repeating devices
3 populated segments (segment with nodes)

40
Q

100Base-T (Fast Ethernet)

A

Currently popular technology with 100 Mbps capacity

Uses two twisted pairs for full duplex communications

Requires CAT 5 or higher cable

Supports star topology

100 meter maximum segment length (between two devices)

Maximum transmission distance is three segments with two repeating devices

41
Q

1000Base-T (Gigabit Ethernet)

A

Supports high speed applications with 1 Gbps capacity

Uses four twisted pairs for full duplex communications

Requires CAT 5 or higher cable

Supports star topology with a single repeater

100 meter maximum segment length (between two devices)

1000BaseT and 100BaseT can coexist on the same network

42
Q

10GBase-T

A

New standard with 10 Gbps capacity

Requires CAT 6 or Cat 7cable

Supports star topology

100 meter maximum segment length (between two devices)

43
Q

Slowest component rule

A

a network transmission is only as fast as the slowest component

44
Q

100Base-FX

A

Uses two strands of multimode fiber

100 Mbps in half duplex or full duplex transmission

Star topology with repeaters in a bus topology

Maximum segment length of 412 meters for half duplex and 2,000 meters for full duplex

Can coexist with Fast Ethernet (with appropriate connectivity devices) and is therefore considered a form of Fast Ethernet

45
Q

1000Base-LX

A

1 Gbps using single mode or multimode fiber

Maximum distance can be extended with a single repeater

Maximum segment length of 550 meters with multimode and 5,000 meters with single mode

Due to longer distances, excellent choice for backbones (ex. connecting buildings)

46
Q

1000Base-LX

A

Similar to 1000Base-LX except that it only supports multimode fiber and has a maximum segment length of 550 meters which can be extended with one repeater

Suited to shorter applications such as connecting a data center or entrance point with a telecommunications closet

47
Q

10GBase-xx

A

10 Gbps transmission for a star topology

Standards differ in term of cable requirements and maximum distances

48
Q

Ethernet PoE (Power over Ethernet)

A

Ethernet PoE (Power over Ethernet) is a new standard for providing power to devices via the Ethernet connection

Intended to support devices that do no have access to conventional power sources

Network Technology and Management (N+) (4 decks)

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