Chapter 5

Question 1

Define neurological impairments

Answer 1

Neurological impairments are deficits in motor, sensory, and cognitive systems resulting from pathophysiology.

Question 2

What are signs of neurologic dysfunction?

Answer 2

Objective findings of pathology determined through physical examination.

Question 3

What are symptoms in the context of neurological impairments?

Answer 3

Subjective reports perceived by the patient but may not be objectively documented.

Question 4

Differentiate between positive and negative symptoms.

Answer 4

Positive symptoms: release of abnormal behaviors; Negative symptoms: loss of normal behaviors.

Question 5

What characterizes primary musculoskeletal impairments?

Answer 5

Direct results from CNS lesions affecting motor/sensory and behavioral systems.

Question 6

What are secondary impairments?

Answer 6

Developments resulting from primary impairments, not directly from lesions.

Question 7

What is the action system composed of?

Answer 7

Motor cortex, cerebellum, and basal ganglia.

Question 8

What does motor weakness (paresis) refer to?

Answer 8

Inability to generate normal levels of force.

Question 9

What is hemiplegia?

Answer 9

Weakness affecting only one side of the body.

Question 10

Define hypotonia.

Answer 10

Reduction in muscle stiffness when lengthening.

Question 11

What is spasticity?

Answer 11

Muscle tone characterized by increased resistance to passive stretch.

Question 12

List the range of muscle tone.

Answer 12

• Flaccidity
• Hypotonia
• Normal
• Spasticity
• Rigidity

Question 13

What is impaired individuation?

Answer 13

Inability to selectively activate a muscle for isolated joint movement.

Question 14

What are abnormal synergies?

Answer 14

Stereotypical patterns of movement that cannot adapt to task/environment changes.

Question 15

What characterizes cerebellar pathology?

Answer 15

• Hypotonia
• Ataxia
• Action/intention tremor

Question 16

What is intention tremor?

Answer 16

A tremor that occurs during the performance of a voluntary movement.

Question 17

What are the cardinal signs of Parkinson’s disease (PD)?

Answer 17

• Paucity of spontaneous movement (akinesia)
• Voluntary movements slowed (bradykinesia)
• Increased muscle tone (rigidity)
• Resting tremor

Question 18

What is bradykinesia?

Answer 18

Slowed movement time to execute a movement.

Question 19

Define rigidity in the context of neurological impairments.

Answer 19

Heightened resistance to passive movement of limb independent of stretch velocity.

Question 20

What is hyperkinetic disorder?

Answer 20

Characterized by excessive and involuntary movements, as seen in conditions like Huntington’s disease.

Question 21

What are secondary musculoskeletal impairments?

Answer 21

Developments like muscle atrophy, deconditioning, contractures, degenerative joint disease, and osteoporosis.

Question 22

What does muscle unloading result in?

Answer 22

Loss of muscle mass, loss of shortening, accumulation of connective tissue, increased fat deposits in tendon tissue.

Question 23

Fill in the blank: The action system is made up of the ______, cerebellum, and basal ganglia.

Answer 23

[motor cortex]

Question 24

True or False: Positive symptoms indicate a loss of normal behaviors.

Answer 24

False

Question 25

What is clonus?

Answer 25

A series of involuntary muscle contractions and relaxations.

Question 26

Define strength

Answer 26

Ability to generate sufficient tension in a muscle for the purpose of posture and movement

Question 27

Define weakness

Answer 27

The inability to generate enough force

Question 28

Spasticity

Answer 28

Velocity dependant increase in tonic stretch reflexes