Chapter 5 Flashcards
The use of programs and policies designed to assist groups that have historically been subject to discrimination.
affirmative action
The Native American civil rights group responsible for the occupation of Wounded Knee, South Dakota, in 1973.
The American Indian Movement (AIM)?
Laws passed immediately after the Civil War that discriminated against freed people and other African Americans and deprived them of their rights.
Black codes
The 1954 Supreme Court ruling that struck down Plessy v. Ferguson and declared segregation and ‘separate but equal’ to be unconstitutional in public education.
Brown v. Board of Education
A term adopted by some Mexican American civil rights activists to describe themselves and those like them.
Chicano
An action taken in violation of the letter of the law to demonstrate that the law is unjust.
civil disobedience
A doctrine calling for the same pay for workers whose jobs require the same level of education, responsibility, training, or working conditions.
comparable worth
A legal status of married women in which their separate legal identities were erased.
coverture
Segregation that results from the private choices of individuals.
de facto segregation
Segregation that results from government discrimination.
de jure segregation
Civil rights campaigns that directly confronted segregationist practices through public demonstrations.
direct action
The revocation of someone’s right to vote.
disenfranchisement
A provision of the Fourteenth Amendment that requires the states to treat all residents equally under the law.
equal protection clause
The proposed amendment to the Constitution that would have prohibited all discrimination based on sex.
Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)
An invisible barrier caused by discrimination that prevents women from rising to the highest levels of an organization
glass ceiling
The provision in some southern states that allowed illiterate White people to vote because their ancestors had been able to vote before the Fifteenth Amendment was ratified.
grandfather clause
Harassment, bullying, or other criminal acts directed against someone because of bias against that person’s sex, gender, sexual orientation, religion, race, ethnicity, or disability.
hate crime
The standard used by the courts to decide cases of discrimination based on gender and sex; burden of proof is on the government to demonstrate an important governmental interest is at stake in treating men differently from women.
intermediate scrutiny
State and local laws that promoted racial segregation and undermined Black voting rights in the south after Reconstruction.
Jim Crow laws
Tests that required the prospective voter in some states to be able to read a passage of text and answer questions about it; often used as a way to disenfranchise racial or ethnic minorities
literacy tests
The 1896 Supreme Court ruling that allowed ‘separate but equal’ racial segregation under the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
Plessy v. Ferguson
An annual tax imposed by some states before a person was allowed to vote.
poll tax
The standard used by the courts to decide most forms of discrimination; the burden of proof is on those challenging the law or action to demonstrate there is no good reason for treating them differently from other citizens.
rational basis test
The period from 1865 to 1877 during which the governments of Confederate states were reorganized prior to being readmitted to the Union.
Reconstruction
A bar in Greenwich Village, New York, where the modern Gay Pride movement began after rioters protested the police treatment of the LGBTQ community there.
Stonewall Inn
The standard used by the courts to decide cases of discrimination based on race, ethnicity, national origin, or religion; burden of proof is on the government to demonstrate a compelling governmental interest is at stake and no alternative means are available to accomplish its goals.
strict scrutiny
The section of the U.S. Education Amendments of 1972 that prohibits discrimination in education on the basis of sex.
Title IX
The name given to the forced migration of the Cherokees from Georgia to Oklahoma in 1838–1839.
Trail of Tears
Tests requiring prospective voters in some states to be able to explain the meaning of a passage of text or to answer questions related to citizenship; often used as a way to disenfranchise Black voters.
understanding tests
A primary election in which only White people are allowed to vote.
white primary
