Chapter 5 Flashcards
What is coping?
Coping refers to the cognitive and behavioral strategies individuals use to manage stress and emotions.
What are effective coping mechanisms?
Effective coping mechanisms can reduce stress-related health risks, while maladaptive coping strategies can worsen psychological and physical well-being.
What is engagement coping?
Engagement coping, also known as approach coping, involves actively addressing a stressor through problem-solving or emotional expression.
What are the outcomes of engagement coping?
This type of coping is generally associated with better psychological outcomes, as it helps individuals process and resolve stressors.
What is disengagement coping?
Disengagement coping, or avoidance coping, involves ignoring, denying, or distancing oneself from a stressor rather than addressing it directly.
What are the long-term effects of avoidance coping?
While avoidance may provide short-term relief, it is often linked to worse long-term outcomes, including anxiety, depression, and chronic stress.
What is problem-focused coping?
Problem-focused coping involves directly addressing the source of stress by finding solutions, seeking information, or making changes.
When is problem-focused coping most effective?
This coping strategy is most effective when a stressor is controllable, such as preparing for an exam or resolving a work conflict.
What is emotion-focused coping?
Emotion-focused coping aims to regulate emotional responses to stress rather than changing the stressor itself.
What strategies are used in emotion-focused coping?
Strategies such as seeking social support, practicing mindfulness, or reframing thoughts can help individuals manage distressing emotions.
What is emotional-approach coping (EAC)?
Emotional-approach coping (EAC) involves actively processing and expressing emotions related to stress, rather than suppressing them.
What are the benefits of emotional-approach coping?
Research suggests that EAC can improve psychological and physical health by reducing stress-related physiological responses.
What is rumination?
Rumination is the repetitive and passive focus on negative thoughts, emotions, or past stressful events without problem-solving.
What are the consequences of chronic rumination?
Chronic rumination is linked to higher levels of anxiety, depression, and increased physiological stress responses.
What is an emotional cascade?
An emotional cascade occurs when intense emotional distress triggers repetitive negative thoughts, leading to worsening emotional arousal.
Who is commonly affected by emotional cascades?
This cycle is common in individuals with mood disorders and can contribute to impulsive behaviors, such as self-harm or substance abuse.
What is repressive coping?
Repressive coping involves avoiding or denying stressful thoughts and emotions, often by maintaining a positive outward appearance.
What are the long-term effects of repressive coping?
While this strategy may reduce immediate distress, long-term repression is associated with heightened physiological stress responses and poor health outcomes.
What is dispositional affect?
Dispositional affect refers to an individual’s general tendency to experience positive or negative emotions across different situations.
How does dispositional affect influence health?
A positive dispositional affect is linked to better stress resilience and health outcomes, while a negative affect is associated with increased stress and illness.
What is psychological control?
Psychological control refers to the belief that one can influence their environment and outcomes, even in stressful situations.
What are the benefits of high psychological control?
High psychological control is associated with better stress management, improved health behaviors, and lower risk of depression.
What is regulatory control?
Regulatory control refers to an individual’s ability to modulate their thoughts, emotions, and behaviors in response to stress.
What are the effects of strong regulatory control?
Strong regulatory control is linked to better emotional resilience, while poor control can lead to impulsive decision-making and increased stress vulnerability.
What is resilience?
Resilience is the ability to adapt positively and recover quickly from adversity, trauma, or stress.
What characterizes resilient individuals?
Resilient individuals tend to use adaptive coping strategies, maintain optimism, and benefit from strong social support networks.
What is the buffering hypothesis?
The buffering hypothesis suggests that social support protects individuals from the harmful effects of stress by reducing physiological and psychological strain.
How does social support affect coping?
Supportive relationships can enhance coping abilities and mitigate stress-related health risks, such as cardiovascular disease and depression.
What is the direct effect hypothesis?
The direct effect hypothesis proposes that social support benefits health regardless of stress levels by promoting positive emotions and healthy behaviors.
What are the implications of strong social connections?
This theory suggests that having strong social connections leads to overall better well-being and lower risk of chronic illnesses.
What is the matching hypothesis?
The matching hypothesis states that the effectiveness of social support depends on how well it matches an individual’s specific needs in a stressful situation.
Can you provide an example of the matching hypothesis?
For example, emotional support is most beneficial for emotional distress, while informational support is more helpful for problem-solving situations.
What is stress management?
Stress management refers to techniques and strategies used to reduce stress and its negative impact on health.
What are common methods of stress management?
Common methods include relaxation techniques, exercise, cognitive restructuring, and mindfulness-based practices.
What is progressive muscle relaxation (PMR)?
Progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) is a stress reduction technique that involves systematically tensing and relaxing different muscle groups.
What are the benefits of PMR?
PMR has been shown to decrease physiological stress responses, improve sleep quality, and reduce symptoms of anxiety and tension.
What is the relaxation response?
The relaxation response is a physiological state of deep relaxation that counteracts the effects of stress by lowering heart rate, blood pressure, and cortisol levels.
What techniques can activate the relaxation response?
Techniques such as meditation, deep breathing, and guided imagery can activate the relaxation response to improve overall well-being.
What is mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR)?
MBSR is an evidence-based program that combines mindfulness meditation and yoga to reduce stress and improve emotional regulation.
What are the effects of MBSR?
Research suggests that MBSR is effective in reducing symptoms of anxiety, depression, and chronic pain.
What is cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)?
CBT is a widely used psychological treatment that focuses on changing negative thought patterns and behaviors to improve mental health.
What disorders is CBT effective in treating?
CBT is effective in treating stress-related disorders, such as anxiety, depression, and PTSD, by teaching coping strategies and cognitive restructuring techniques.
What is cognitive-behavioral stress management (CBSM)?
CBSM is a structured program that combines cognitive-behavioral therapy with relaxation techniques to help individuals cope with stress.
What are the benefits of CBSM?
This approach is particularly effective in reducing stress-related health risks, such as immune system suppression and cardiovascular problems.
What is stress inoculation training?
Stress inoculation training is a cognitive-behavioral technique that helps individuals build resilience by exposing them to manageable levels of stress and teaching coping strategies.
What is the purpose of stress inoculation training?
This method is used to prepare individuals for high-stress situations, such as military training or public speaking, by fostering adaptive responses.
What is appraised meaning?
Appraised meaning refers to the personal significance an individual assigns to a stressor based on their beliefs, experiences, and values.
Why is understanding appraised meaning important?
Understanding appraised meaning helps explain why individuals react differently to the same stressful event, depending on their interpretation.
What is expressive writing?
Expressive writing is a therapeutic technique in which individuals write about their thoughts and emotions related to stressful experiences.
What are the benefits of expressive writing?
Research suggests that expressive writing can improve mental and physical health by promoting emotional processing and reducing stress-related symptoms.
What is emotional disclosure?
Emotional disclosure involves openly expressing feelings about a stressful or traumatic experience, either through writing, talking, or artistic expression.
What are the effects of emotional disclosure?
Studies indicate that emotional disclosure can enhance emotional well-being, strengthen social support, and reduce the negative physiological effects of stress.
What is meaning-focused coping?
Meaning-focused coping involves finding purpose or positive meaning in stressful situations, often by reframing experiences or relying on personal values.
What are the psychological benefits of meaning-focused coping?
This strategy is associated with greater psychological well-being and resilience, particularly in individuals facing chronic illness or life challenges.
