Chapter 5 Flashcards
have varying goals including crime prevention, effective use of police resources, or suspect location.
Policing strategies
requires officers to focus heavily on responding to calls for service and solving crimes in a reactive manner with limited input or cooperation from residents.
Traditional model of policing
also involves partnerships with the community, gathering intelligence, and relying on evidence-based practices to solve crimes.
Traditional policing
strategies typically involve a reactive approach to law enforcement, focused on responding to crimes after they occur rather than preventing them.
Traditional policing
Fostering community partnerships, more in-depth problem solving capacity
Community-oriented policing
involves the use of partnerships between municipal agencies, businesses, individual citizens, non-profit groups and the media in order to develop methods to police the community.
Community oriented policing
These organizations work together to address criminal matters and reduce crime
Community oriented policing
is a policing strategy based on the notion that community interaction and support can help control crime and reduce fear, with community members helping to identify suspects, detain vandals and bring problems to the attention of police
Community oriented policing
that involves the identification and analysis of specific crime and disorder problems, in order to develop effective response strategies.
Problem-oriented policing
Policing strategy
means diagnosing and solving problems that are increasing crime risks, usually in areas that are seeing comparatively high levels of crime (e.g., “hot spots”)
Problem-oriented policing (POP)
is challenging in that agencies need to diagnose and solve what could be any of a wide range of crime-causing problems.
Problem-oriented policing (POP)
Types of data are?
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
the data can only be categorized
Nominal
the data can be categorized and ranked
Ordinal:
the data can be categorized, ranked, and evenly spaced
Interval:
the data can be categorized, ranked, evenly spaced, and has a natural zero.
Ratio:
is labelled into mutually exclusive categories within a variable. These categories cannot be ordered in a meaningful way.
Nominal or Nominal data
preferred mode of transportation is a nominal variable, because the data is sorted into categories: car, bus, train, tram, bicycle, etc.
Nominal data
is the least precise and complex level.
Nominal data
The word nominal means _____ so this kind of data can only be labelled
“in name,”
It does not have a rank order, equal spacing between values, or a true zero value
Nominal data
You can categorize your data by labelling them in mutually exclusive groups, but there is no order between the categories.
Nominal data
Categorize of normal data are
City of birth
Gender
Ethnicity
Car brands
Marital status
Top 5 Olympic medallists
Language ability (eg, beginner, intermediate, fluent)
Likert-type questions (e.g.. very dissatisfied to very satisfied)
Ordinal
You can categorize and rank your data in an order, but you cannot say anything about the intervals between the rankings
Ordinal
Although you can rank the top 5 Olympic medallists, this scale does not tell you how close or far apart they are in number of wins.
Ordinal
You can categorize, rank, and infer equal between neighboring data points, but there is no true zero point
Interval
The difference between any two adjacent temperatures is the same, one degree. But zero degrees is defined differently depending on the scale it doesn’t mean an absolute absence of temperature.
Interval
The same is true for test scores and personality inventories. A zero on a test is arbitrary, it does not mean that the test-taker has an absolute lack of the trait being measured.
Interval
Test scores (e.g.. IQ or exams)
Personality inventories
Temperature in Fahrenheit or Celsius
Interval
You can categorize, rank, and infer equal
intervals between neighboring data points, and there is a true zero point.
Ratio
A true zero means there is an absence of the variable of interest. In ratio scales, 0 does mean an absolute lack of variable
Ratio
Categorize rank and infer equal of ratio are?
Height
Age
Weight
Temperature in Kelvin
the Kelvin temperature scale, there are no negative degrees of temperature - zero means an absolute lack of thermal energy what types of data is this?
Ratio
According to ______ (2011), there are seven common types of crime pattem. These types are not mutually exclusive, and sometimes they overlap.
Gwinn
is examining a crime pattern that does not seem to fit neatly in one category, should categorize the pattern as the type that appears most applicable, based on the characteristics of the crimes involved and the nature of the most appropriate potential police response.
crime analyst
A group of similar crimes thought to be committed by the same individual or group of individuals acting in concert
Series
A group of similar crimes thought to be carried out by the same individual or group, but with a high frequency within a relatively short period of time. The crimes are so frequent that they appear continuous.
Spree
A group of crimes committed by one or more individuals, involving victims who share similar physical characteristics or engage in similar behavior. An example of a hot prey crime would be this series of crimes
Hot prey
A group of crimes committed by one or more individuals in which a unique type of property is targeted for theft
Hot product
A group of crimes committed by one or more individuals in which a unique type of property is targeted for theft
Hot product
A group of similar crimes committed by one or more individuals at locations within close proximity to one another
Hot spot
A group of similar crimes committed by one or more individuals at that same location
Hot product
A group of similar crimes committed by one or more individuals that are primarily related by the type of place where crimes occurred
Hot settings
Presentation of interesting findings related to crime research and analysis based on legal, political, and practical concerns to inform audiences from within the law enforcement administration, and city government, as well as citizens
Administrative crime analysis
Performance management system that is used to reduce crime and achieve other police department goals
CompStat
It emphasizes information sharing, responsibility and accountability, and improving effectiveness
CompStat
Certain problem area in a city where there have been repeated calls to the police
Hot spot
Study of a police departments policies and practices. Often it concerns itself with studying a departments allocation of personnel, money, equipment, and other resources.
Police operations analysis
Policing strategy that involves the identification and analysis of specific crime and disorder problems, in order to develop effective response strategies.
Problem-oriented policing
Analysis that has to do with developing data to better understand long-term increases or decreases in crime.
Strategic crime analysis
Daily identification and analysis of emerging or existing crime patterns.
Tactical crime analysis
It is the study of recent criminal incidents and activity by examining characteristics such as the who, what, how, when, and where of crime in order to reveal patterns, trends, and potential suspects
Tactical crime analysis
Performance management system that is used to reduce come and achieve other police department goals.
CompStat
It emphasizes information sharing, responsibility and accountability, and improving effectiveness
CompStat
Group of two or more crimes reported to or discovered by police that are unique because they meet certain conditions, such as sharing at least one common factor.
Crime pattern
Report issued by a crime analyst or crime analyst unit that summarizes the relevant information about crimes that have been linked together as a pattern
Crime pattern bulletin
Group of similar crimes thought to be committed by the same individual or group of individuals acting in concert
Crime series
Focused patrol or patrol resources concentrated at the times and in the places with the highest risks of serious crime
Directed patrol
When a crime pattern occurs in a relatively small area, it is referred to as a hot spot or a cluster
Hot spot
Analysis that integrates information from three distinct, but interrelated, aspects of a crime pattern perpetrated by a single offender.
Linkage analysis
Occurs when offenses are reported during a relatively short period of time and the crime analyst is able to identify common attributes among those offenses.
Pattern detection
Analysts attempt to profile the subject or the suspect.
Target profiling
is a very important tool in managing and controlling crime in an area. By analyzing the spatial and temporal data provided by maps, investigators are able to understand the crime patterns and trend.
Crime mapping
It also help law enforcers when it comes to resource allocation, and in geographic profiling of criminals and suspicious locations.
Crime mapping
describes the use of geographic information to identify and analyze crime and police data. Before the 1990s,
Crime mapping
describes the use of geographic information to identify and analyze crime and police data. Before the 1990s,
Crime mapping
referred to any method of geographic analysis, even those that involved pushpins, colored dots, and paper maps.
crime mapping
usually means the specific use of computerized geographic information systems (GIS).
crime mapping
In 1829, who created the first maps of crime.
Adriano Balbi and Andre Guerry
pioneering work to initiate, plan, and develop the Canada Geographic Information System resulted in the first computerized GIS in the world in 1963.
Roger Tomlinson’s
Who is he Cordillera police director
Chief Superintendent Benjamin & Magalong
developed a G15-based tool in year 2012 for more accurate crime analysis
Chief Superintendent Benjamin & Magalong
TYPES OF CRIME MAPS ARE?
Pin maps
Choropleth maps
Point symbol maps
Statistical maps
Also known as spot maps are the foundation for most other types of crime maps.
Pin maps
They consist simply of mapped locations for incidents, persons, or other geographic data marked with a single symbol, such as a dot or star.
Pin maps
aggregate information into larger geographic areas, such as census block groups, grid cells, or reporting districts.
CHOROPLETH MAPS
These geographic areas are color-coded or pattemed to reflect volume of incidents.
CHOROPLETH MAPS.
Start with a pin map, but change the symbol or color to represent other factors within the data
POINT SYMBOL MAPS
superimpose charts and graphs over geographic areas to show more complex quantitative information than can be achieved with choropleth map
STATISTICAL MAPS.
Is a law enforcement function that involves systematic analysis for identifying and analyzing patterns and trends in crime and disorder.
CRIME ANALYSIS
Is used by analysts in law enforcement agencies to map, visualize, and analyze crime incident patterns.
CRIME MAPPING
Is a conceptualized framework that provides the ability to capture and analyze spatial and geographic data
GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM
Is any data with a direct or indirect reference to a specific location or geographical area.
SPATIAL DATA
Is the temporary data that is valid only for a prescribed time.
TEMPORAL DATA
