Chapter 5

Question 1

a substance made in the body, carried through fluids like blood, that attaches to a receptor to trigger or block specific effects in certain cells or tissues.

Answer 1

Hormone

Answer 2

Intracrine

Question 3

Juxtacrine

Answer 4

Auto crine

Answer 5

Paracrine

Answer 6

Endocrine

Answer 7

Paracrine

Answer 8

Endocrine

Question 9

releases hormones into blood to circulate to tissues

Answer 9

Endocrine system

Question 10

uses neurotransmitters to relay messages from one nerve to another nerve or end-organ

Answer 10

Nervous system

Question 11

Release hormones directly into the blood

Answer 11

Endocrine Glands

Question 12

Alter the activity of tissues that possess receptors to which the hormone can bind

Answer 12

Hormones

Question 13

Have Several classes based on chemical makeup

Answer 13

Amino acid derivatives
•Peptides/protein
•Steroids

Question 14

The effect of a hormone on a tissue is determined to a large extent by the

Answer 14

Plasma Concentration

Question 15

Plasma concentration determined by

Answer 15

Rate of secretion
Rate of metabolism
Quality of transport proteins

Question 16

Rate of secretion

Answer 16

Magnitude of input (neurotransmitter, substrate, ion, another hormone)
•Stimulatory versus inhibitory input
•Pancreas example

Question 17

At the receptor and by the liver and kidneys
•Circulation to kidneys during exercise, d hormone conc.

Answer 17

Rate of metabolism (inactivated) or excretion of hormone

Question 18

Steriod hormones free vs bound

Answer 18

Quality of transport

Question 19

Hormones only affect tissue with specific receptors

Magnitude of effect dependent on:

Answer 19

Concentration of the hormone
•Number of receptors on the cell (saturation)
•Affinity of the receptor for the hormone

Question 20

Decrease in receptor number in response to high concentration of hormone

Answer 20

Downregulation

Question 21

Increase in receptor number in response to low concentration of hormone

Answer 21

Upregulation

Question 22

Bring their effect by modifying membrane transport, activating/suppressing genes to alter protein synthesis, and activating second messengers (cyclic AMP, Ca++, inositol triphosphate, and diacylglycerol).

Answer 22

Hormones

Question 23

What are Major endocrine glands

Answer 23

Hypothalamus and pituitary glands.
•Thyroid and parathyroid glands.
•Adrenal glands.
•Pancreas.
•Testes and ovaries.

Question 24

What are Major endocrine glands

Answer 24

Hypothalamus and pituitary glands.
•Thyroid and parathyroid glands.
•Adrenal glands.
•Pancreas.
•Testes and ovaries.

Question 25

Hormones are secreted by

Answer 25

Endocrine glands

Question 26

Stimulates release of hormones from anterior pituitary gland

Answer 26

Hypothalamus

Question 27

Provides neural stimulus for hormones to be released from posterior pituitary gland

Answer 27

Hypothalamus

Question 28

Posterior pituitary

Answer 28

Oxytocin

Question 29

Anterior pituitary gland

Answer 29

ACTH , GSH , LH ETC.

Question 30

Stimulates production of testosterone and estrogen

Answer 30

LH

Question 31

Controls thyroid hormone release from thyroid gland

Answer 31

TSH

Question 32

Growth hormone in muscle responsible for muscle growth

Answer 32

Stimulates release of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)

Question 33

Amino acid uptake and protein synthesis Long bone growth

Answer 33

Essential growth of all tissues

Question 34

Reduces the use of plasma glucose Increases gluconeogenesis Mobilizes fatty acids from adipose tissue

Answer 34

Square plasma glucose

Question 35

posterior gland Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) •Also called vasopressin

Answer 35

Reduces water loss from the body to maintain plasma volume •Favors reabsorption of water from kidney tubules to capillaries •Release stimulated by high plasma osmolality and low plasma volume •Due to sweat loss without water replacement •Increases during exercise >60% VO2 max •To maintain plasma volume

Question 36

are important for maintaining the metabolic rate and allowing other hormones to bring about their full effect.

Answer 36

Thyroid hormones T3 and T4

Question 37

Secretes the catecholamines

Answer 37

Adrenal Medulla

Question 38

Is a hormone

Answer 38

Epinephrine

Question 39

both a neurotransmitter and a hormone.

Answer 39

Norepinephrine

Question 40

Bind to adrenergic receptors (2nd messenger receptors)

Answer 40

Alpha , beta

Question 41

Control of Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion

Answer 41

Aldosterone

Question 42

Aldosterone Stimulated by:

Answer 42

Increased K+ concentration •Decreased plasma volume •Angiotensin II

Question 43

Maintenance of plasma glucose Promotes protein breakdown for gluconeogenesis Stimulated by stress and exercise

Answer 43

Cortisol

Question 44

High-intensity exercise results in greater and more rapid glycogen depletion

Answer 44

Glycogenolysis is related to exercise intensity

Question 45

Plasma epinephrine is a powerful simulator of glycogenolysis

Answer 45

High-intensity exercise results in greater increases in plasma epinephrine

Question 46

Breakdown of muscle glycogen is under

Answer 46

dual (redundant) control. epinephrine-cyclic AMP and Ca+2-calmodulin

Question 47

Adipose tissue is what kind of organ

Answer 47

Endocrine

Question 48

Adipose secrets what

Answer 48

Leptin. •Influences appetite through the hypothalamus. •Enhances insulin sensitivity and fatty acid oxidation. •Adiponectin. •Increases insulin sensitivity and fatty acid oxidation.

Question 49

With increased fat mass (obesity).

Answer 49

Higher leptin levels and lower adiponectin. •Leads to type 2 diabetes and low-grade inflammation.

Question 50

Skeletal muscle produces myokines during contractions.

Answer 50

Stimulate glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation. •Promote blood vessel growth in muscle. •Promote liver glucose production and triglyceride breakdown.

Question 51

Interleukin 6 (I L-6).

Answer 51

•Both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory.