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EP > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

1
Q

a substance made in the body, carried through fluids like blood, that attaches to a receptor to trigger or block specific effects in certain cells or tissues.

A

Hormone

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2
Q
A

Intracrine

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3
Q

Juxtacrine

A
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4
Q
A

Auto crine

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5
Q
A

Paracrine

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6
Q
A

Endocrine

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7
Q
A

Paracrine

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8
Q
A

Endocrine

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9
Q

releases hormones into blood to circulate to tissues

A

Endocrine system

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10
Q

uses neurotransmitters to relay messages from one nerve to another nerve or end-organ

A

Nervous system

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11
Q

Release hormones directly into the blood

A

Endocrine Glands

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12
Q

Alter the activity of tissues that possess receptors to which the hormone can bind

A

Hormones

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13
Q

Have Several classes based on chemical makeup

A

Amino acid derivatives
•Peptides/protein
•Steroids

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14
Q

The effect of a hormone on a tissue is determined to a large extent by the

A

Plasma Concentration

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15
Q

Plasma concentration determined by

A

Rate of secretion
Rate of metabolism
Quality of transport proteins

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16
Q

Rate of secretion

A

Magnitude of input (neurotransmitter, substrate, ion, another hormone)
•Stimulatory versus inhibitory input
•Pancreas example

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17
Q

At the receptor and by the liver and kidneys
•Circulation to kidneys during exercise, d hormone conc.

A

Rate of metabolism (inactivated) or excretion of hormone

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18
Q

Steriod hormones free vs bound

A

Quality of transport

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19
Q

Hormones only affect tissue with specific receptors

Magnitude of effect dependent on:

A

Concentration of the hormone
•Number of receptors on the cell (saturation)
•Affinity of the receptor for the hormone

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20
Q

Decrease in receptor number in response to high concentration of hormone

A

Downregulation

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21
Q

Increase in receptor number in response to low concentration of hormone

A

Upregulation

22
Q

Bring their effect by modifying membrane transport, activating/suppressing genes to alter protein synthesis, and activating second messengers (cyclic AMP, Ca++, inositol triphosphate, and diacylglycerol).

A

Hormones

23
Q

What are Major endocrine glands

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary glands.
•Thyroid and parathyroid glands.
•Adrenal glands.
•Pancreas.
•Testes and ovaries.

24
Q

What are Major endocrine glands

A

Hypothalamus and pituitary glands.
•Thyroid and parathyroid glands.
•Adrenal glands.
•Pancreas.
•Testes and ovaries.

25
Q

Hormones are secreted by

A

Endocrine glands

26
Q

Stimulates release of hormones from anterior pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

27
Q

Provides neural stimulus for hormones to be released from posterior pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

28
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

Oxytocin

29
Q

Anterior pituitary gland

A

ACTH , GSH , LH ETC.

30
Q

Stimulates production of testosterone and estrogen

A

LH

31
Q

Controls thyroid hormone release from thyroid gland

A

TSH

32
Q

Growth hormone

in muscle responsible for muscle growth

A

Stimulates release of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)

33
Q

Amino acid uptake and protein synthesis

Long bone growth

A

Essential growth of all tissues

34
Q

Reduces the use of plasma glucose

Increases gluconeogenesis

Mobilizes fatty acids from adipose tissue

A

Square plasma glucose

35
Q

posterior gland

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
•Also called vasopressin

A

Reduces water loss from the body to maintain plasma volume
•Favors reabsorption of water from kidney tubules to capillaries
•Release stimulated by high plasma osmolality and low plasma volume
•Due to sweat loss without water replacement
•Increases during exercise >60% VO2 max
•To maintain plasma volume

36
Q

are important for maintaining the metabolic rate and allowing other hormones to bring about their full effect.

A

Thyroid hormones T3 and T4

37
Q

Secretes the catecholamines

A

Adrenal Medulla

38
Q

Is a hormone

A

Epinephrine

39
Q

both a neurotransmitter and a hormone.

A

Norepinephrine

40
Q

Bind to adrenergic receptors (2nd messenger receptors)

A

Alpha , beta

41
Q

Control of Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion

A

Aldosterone

42
Q

Aldosterone Stimulated by:

A

Increased K+ concentration
•Decreased plasma volume
•Angiotensin II

43
Q

Maintenance of plasma glucose

Promotes protein breakdown for gluconeogenesis

Stimulated by stress and exercise

A

Cortisol

44
Q

High-intensity exercise results in greater and more rapid glycogen depletion

A

Glycogenolysis is related to exercise intensity

45
Q

Plasma epinephrine is a powerful simulator of glycogenolysis

A

High-intensity exercise results in greater increases in plasma epinephrine

46
Q

Breakdown of muscle glycogen is under

A

dual (redundant) control.

epinephrine-cyclic AMP and Ca+2-calmodulin

47
Q

Adipose tissue is what kind of organ

A

Endocrine

48
Q

Adipose secrets what

A

Leptin.
•Influences appetite through the hypothalamus.
•Enhances insulin sensitivity and fatty acid oxidation.

•Adiponectin.
•Increases insulin sensitivity and fatty acid oxidation.

49
Q

With increased fat mass (obesity).

A

Higher leptin levels and lower adiponectin.
•Leads to type 2 diabetes and low-grade inflammation.

50
Q

Skeletal muscle produces myokines during contractions.

A

Stimulate glucose uptake and fatty acid oxidation.
•Promote blood vessel growth in muscle.
•Promote liver glucose production and triglyceride breakdown.

51
Q

Interleukin 6 (I L-6).

A

•Both proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory.

EP (7 decks)

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