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1
Q

Steady State

A

Physiological variable is unchanging ,but not necessarily normal resting value

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2
Q

Steady state example

A

Heart rate during submaximal exercise

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3
Q

The maintained of a constant or unceasing normal internal environment during u stressed conditions

A

Homeostasis

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4
Q

-Protein breakdown and synthesis
- Energy Production
-Maintenance of stored nutrients

A

Intracellular Control System

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5
Q

Pulmonary and Circulatory Systems

Replenish oxygen and remove carbon dioxide

A

Organ systems

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6
Q

Biological Control System

A

Series of interconnected components that maintain a physical or chemical parameter at a near constant value

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7
Q

Detects changes in variable ( or stimulus )

A

Sensor or receptors

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8
Q

Assesses input and initiates response

A

Control Center

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9
Q

Changed internal environment back to normal

A

Effector

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10
Q

Components to biological control systems

A

Sensor or receptor
Control center
Effector

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11
Q

Response reverses the initial disturbance in homeostasis

Most control systems use this

A

Negative Feedback

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12
Q

How does exercise disrupt homeostasis

A

By change in ph , po2, pco2 and temperature in cells

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13
Q

Intense exercise or prolonged exercise in a hot/humid environment can what

A

Exceed the ability to maintain stead state

Ex. fatigue and cessation or exercise

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14
Q

Biological control systems are called of maintaining steady state true or false

A

True

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15
Q

What are two large gain control systems ( able to maintain homeostasis)

A

Pulmonary and Cardiovascular

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16
Q

Increase the original stimulus

A

Positive feedback

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17
Q

In child birth increase pressure on cervix = what

A

Increased oxytocin

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18
Q

Change in structure and function of cell or organ system results in approved homeostasis

A

Adaptation

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19
Q

Adaptation to environmental stresses ( heat stress) , results in improved function of homeostasis system

A

Acclimation

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20
Q

-Communication between cells using chemical. messengers
-coordinates cellular
- important for homeostasis

A

Cell signaling

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21
Q

Sum of all chemical reactions that occur in the body two general categories of Chemical reactions

A

Metabolism

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22
Q

Synthesis of molecules

A

Anabolic reactions

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23
Q

Breakdown of molecules

A

Catabolic reactions

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24
Q

Process of converting foodstuffs ( fats , proteins, carbs) into usable energy for cell work

A

Bioenergetics

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25
Q

Semipermeable membrane that separates the cell from the extracellular environment

A

Cell membrane (sarcolemma of muscle fibers)

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26
Q

Contains genes that regulate protein synthesis
•Molecular biology

A

Nucleus

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27
Q

Fluid portion of cell
•Contains organelles
•Mitochondria

A

Cytoplasm (sarcoplasm)

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28
Q

Require energy to be added to the reactants.

A

Endergonic reactions (endothermic)

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29
Q

Release energy

A

Exergonic reactions (exothermic)

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30
Q

Liberation of energy in an exergonic reaction drives an endergonic reaction.

A

Coupled reactions.

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31
Q

The energy given off by the exergonic reaction powers the

A

Endergonic reaction

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32
Q

Removing an electron.

A

Oxidation

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33
Q

Addition of an electron

A

Reduction

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34
Q

*A molecule that loses electron is oxidized.
*A molecule that gains an electron is reduced.

A

Oxidation and reduction are always coupled reactions.

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35
Q

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (N A D).

Role in electron transport

A

Oxidized form: N A D+.
Reduced form: N A D H.

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36
Q

Flavin adenine dinucleotide (F A D).

Role in electron transport

A

Oxidized form: F A D.
Reduced form: F A D H2.

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37
Q

What important role do Both N A D and F A D play an important role in transfer of electrons.

A

Carrier molecules during bioenergetic reactions.

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38
Q

NADH is a ______ agent; it reduces pyruvic acid by giving its hydrogen ions.

A

reducing

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39
Q

NADH becomes_____ to NAD.

A

oxidized

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40
Q

The addition of_______ H+ to pyruvic acid forms NAD and lactic acid

A

two

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41
Q

Catalysts that regulate the speed of reactions
Lower the energy of activation (energy needed to “get started”)

A

Enzymes

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42
Q

Do not “cause” reactions, but regulate the speed at which they occur

A

Enzymes

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43
Q

Factors that regulate enzyme activity

A

Temperature
•pH
•Each enzyme has an optimal temperature & pH

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44
Q

Interact with specific substrates by

A

Lock and key model

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45
Q

Enzymes reduce the energy of activation true or false

A

True

46
Q

A small rise in body temperature increases enzyme activity.
•Exercise results in increased body temperature.
•Large increase in body temperature (greater than 41°C) can denature enzymes and decrease activity.

A

Temp influence

47
Q

Changes in pH (increase or decrease) can decrease enzyme activity.
•High intensity exercise decreases muscle pH.

A

Ph influence

48
Q

Transfer elements of one molecule to another

A

Transferases

49
Q

Cleave bonds by adding water

A

Hydrolases

50
Q

Groups of elements are removed to form a double bond or added to a double bond

A

Lyases

51
Q

Rearrangement of the structure of molecules
Ligases

A

Isomerases

52
Q

Catalyze oxidation-reduction reactions
Transferases

A

Oxidoreductases

53
Q

Carbohydrates (C,H,O; ~4 kcal/gram)
Fats (C,H,O; ~9 kcal/gram)
Proteins (C,H,O; ~4 kcal/gram)

A
54
Q

are organic
•Have carbon “backbones

A

Macronutrients

55
Q

rules for exercise

A

Carbs

56
Q

Blood sugar

A

Glucose

57
Q

Storage form of glucose in liver and muscle.
•Synthesized by enzyme glycogen synthase.

A

Glycogen

58
Q

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose.

A

Glycogenolysis

59
Q

Breakdown of glycogen into glucose molecules

A

Glycogenolysis

60
Q

Breakdown of glucose to generate energy (ATP) pyruvate is the end product of glycolysis

A

Glycolysis

61
Q

Formation of new glucose from amino acids and lactate.

A

Gluconeogenesis

62
Q

fuels for exercise Fats

A

Fatty acids , triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

63
Q

Primary type of fat used by skeletal muscle.

A

Fatty acids.

64
Q

Storage form of fat in muscle and adipose tissue.
•Broken down into glycerol and fatty acids via lipolysis.

A

Triglycerides

65
Q

Not used as an energy source.

A

Phospholipids

66
Q

Derived from cholesterol-not an energy source.
•Needed to synthesize sex hormones.

A

Steroids

67
Q

Composed of amino acids
Some (alanine) can be converted to glucose in the liver

A

Proteins

68
Q

Gluconeogenesis
Others can be converted to metabolic intermediates
•Contribute as a fuel in muscle
Overall, protein is not a primary energy source during exercise (<15%)

A

Proteins

69
Q

●Glucose is stored in animal cells as

A

polysaccharide called glycogen.

70
Q

Consists of adenine, ribose, and three linked phosphates

A

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

71
Q

ADP + Pi  ATP

A

Synthesis

72
Q

Formation of ATP

A

Bioenergetics

73
Q

Phosphocreatine (PC) breakdown

A

anaerobic

74
Q

Degradation of glucose and glycogen

A

Glycolysis , aerobic

75
Q

Do not involve O2
•PC breakdown and glycolysis

A

Anaerobic pathways

76
Q

Require 02

A

Aerobic pathways

77
Q

Glucose  2 pyruvic acid or 2 lactic acid
•A series of enzymatic reactions

A

Glycolysis

78
Q

Requires 2 ATP

A

Energy investment phase

79
Q

Produces 4 ATP, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate or 2 lactate
•Occurs in sarcoplasm

A

Energy generation phase

80
Q

Two Phases of Glycolysis

A

Energy investment phase, energy generation phase

81
Q

At physiologic pH, H+ dissociates from lactic acid to form lactate.

A

True

82
Q

At physiologic pH, H+ dissociates from lactic acid to form lactate.

A

True

83
Q

In order for glycolysis to continue, NADH produced in glycolysis must be converted back to NAD how ?

A

By converting pyruvic acid to lactic acid
or
•By “shuttling” H+ into the mitochondria

84
Q

Conversion of Pyruvic Acid to Lactic Acid

A

The addition of two H+ to pyruvic acid forms NAD and lactic acid

85
Q

results from cooperation between the citric acid cycle and election transport chain (both take place in the mitochondria).

A

Aerobic ATP

86
Q

Completes oxidation of fuels (for example: fats, CHO, proteins) to provide electrons for electron transport chain (via NADH & FADH2).

A

Citric acid cycle.

87
Q

Energy obtained from electron transport is used to produce ATP at the end of the electron transport chain.

A

Electron transport chain.

88
Q

Electron transport chain.

A

Energy obtained from electron transport is used to produce ATP at the end of the electron transport chain.

89
Q

Aerobic Metabolism
The Three Stages
of Oxidative
Phosphorylation

A

Formation of acetyl-CoA from pyruvate

  1. Krebs Cycle
  2. Electron transport chain
90
Q

Pyruvic acid (3 C) is converted to acetyl-CoA (2 C)
•NADH is formed
•CO2 is given off
Acetyl CoA “enters” Krebs Cycle

A

Acetyl Co-A Formation (2 per glucose)
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Reaction

91
Q

Aerobic ATP production

A

Electron transport chain

92
Q

•Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the mitochondria
•Electrons removed from NADH and FADH2 are passed along a series of carriers (cytochromes) to produce ATP.
•Series of redox reactions
•1 NADH results in production of 2.5 ATP.
•1 FADH2 results in production of 1.5 ATP.

A

Electron transport chain

93
Q

whereby H+ from NADH and FADH2 is combined with O2 to form water and form ATP.

A

Chemiosmotic hypothesis

94
Q

Aerobic ATP Production

A

Krebs cycle

95
Q

Acetyl-CoA combines with oxaloacetate (4 C) to form citrate (6 C)
•Citrate is metabolized to oxaloacetate
•Two CO2 molecules given off
•Each cycle produces three molecules of NADH and one FADH
•Also forms one molecule of GTP
•Readily converted to one ATP

A

Krebs cycle

96
Q

6 NADH, 2 FADH, 2 GTP(→2 ATP) from

A

Krebs cycle

97
Q

Electron transport chain results in pumping of H+ ions across inner mitochondrial membrane

A

Results in H+ gradient across membrane

98
Q

Energy released to form ATP as H+ ions diffuse back across the membrane

A

Can only occur in the presence of oxygen

Must be available to accept electrons

99
Q

Movement of 3 H+ through ATP synthase complex activates conversion of ADP to ATP.

A

ATP Synthase

100
Q

1 additional H+ is required to transport ATP out of inner mitochondrial membrane

A

ATP Synthase

101
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation or aerobic ATP production occurs in the

A

Mitochondria

102
Q

The primary role of the Krebs cycle is to

A

complete the oxidation of substrates and form NADH and FADH to enter the electron transport chain

103
Q

The end result of the electron transport chain is

A

the formation of ATP and water. Water is formed by oxygen-accepting electrons; hence, the reason we breathe oxygen is to use it as the final acceptor of electrons in aerobic metabolism.

104
Q

Metabolism is regulated by enzymatic activity. An enzyme that regulates a metabolic pathway is termed a

A

Rate limit enzyme

105
Q

Triglycerides → glycerol and fatty acids.
•Fatty acids → acetyl-CoA.
•Beta-oxidation.
•Glycerol is not an important muscle fuel during exercise

A

Fats

106
Q

Broken down into amino acids.
•Converted to glucose, pyruvic acid, acetyl-CoA, and Krebs cycle intermediates.

A

Proteins

107
Q

Breakdown of triglycerides releases fatty acids
Fatty acids must be converted to acetyl-CoA to be used as a fuel

A

True

108
Q

Almost 100% of ATP produced by aerobic metabolism
Blood lactate levels are low (<1.0 mmol/L)
Resting O2 consumption (VO2):

A

Energy requirements at rest

109
Q

The O2 deficit is greater in:

A

higher intensity exercise.
•untrained individuals

110
Q

-ATP production increases immediately
-Steady state
-Initial ATP production through anaerobic pathways
-oxygen deficit
- Lag in oxygen uptake
-Compensated through anaerobic production of ATP

A

Rest to exercise

EP (7 decks)

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