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RT 203 > CHAPTER 5 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 5 Flashcards

1
Q

It is a photographic factor that also affects the visibility of recorded detail.

A

Radiographic contrast

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2
Q

It is the degree of difference between adjacent densities

A

Contrast

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3
Q

The ability to distinguish between densities enables differences in ___________ to be visualized

A

Anatomic tissues

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4
Q

An image that has SUFFICIENT density, but no differences intensity would appear as a ___________

A

Homogeneous object

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5
Q

The appearance of homogeneous object would indicate that the ABSORPTION CHARACTERISTICS of the objects are ___________

A

Equal

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6
Q

It is produced when the x-ray beam has sufficient be penetrated the tissue

A

Diagnostic image

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7
Q

The penetrability of the primary x-ray beam is controlled by ___________

A

Kilovoltage

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8
Q

It is the controlling factor for contrast on an image

A

kVp

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9
Q

So it is the original graphic must determine when considering the amount amount of contrast on an image for the most appropriate for the anatomy to be image

A

Short or long scale of gray

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10
Q

The number of densities from black to white on a radiographic image is an indication of the ___________

A

Range of the scale of contrast

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11
Q

It describe the number of different densities between black and white on the image

A

Long – scale and short - scale

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12
Q

The choice of _____________ will NOT affect radiographic contrast

A

mAs or SID

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13
Q

Low KVP examinations penetrate fewer thickness and have only a few steps between black and white and so produce _____________

A

Short-scale contrast images

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14
Q

When the primary beam penetrate through tissue with adjacent densities, which have a great differences in contrast, the image is described as

A

High contrast

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15
Q

A short scale contrast image has fewer steps between black and white, and it is a _____________ image

A

High contrast image

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16
Q

Low KVP examination produce _____________ contrast images

A

Short-scale

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17
Q

So this is the preferred scale of contrast with imaging bone anatomy

A

Short scale contrast images

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18
Q

A zebra is a great example of _____________ because it has black and white stripes

A

High contrast

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19
Q

Imaging the abdomen requires a _____________ scale of gray

A

Long

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20
Q

This image will have a fewer differences in contrast Because the differences between adjacent densities are small. And this is referred to as a

A

Long – scale contrast image

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21
Q

Which has many steps between black and white and is a low contrast image

A

Long – scale contrast image

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22
Q

Using _____________ will produce more shades of Grey, which will allow for better visualization of abdomen anatomy

A

higher KVP

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23
Q

I herd of elephants is an excellent example of a _____________ scale

A

Long gray scale

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24
Q

It is made up of the total amount of contrast acquired from both the subject contrast and film contrast

A

Radiographic contrast

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25
Q

It is the difference in OD between different areas on the film

A

Film contrast

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26
Q

It describes the different amounts of exit radiation through different parts parts of the body

A

Subject contrast

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27
Q

Is the primary controlling factor for a radiographic contrast?

A

kVp

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28
Q

Is the range of densities the film capable of recording?

A

Film contrast

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29
Q

Film contrast is represented as the _____________

A

Slope of the characteristic curve

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30
Q

Four factors with effect film contrast are

A

1) intensifying screens
2) film density
3) characteristic curve
4) processing

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31
Q

It creates a higher contrast image due to the exposure of light to the film

A

Intensify screens (IS)

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32
Q

Film density is changed when there is a change in the _____________

A

Film contrast

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33
Q

There is an _____________ of densities for each film, which allows maximum visualization

A

Optimum range of densities

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34
Q

Images which have too much or two little densities demonstrate a _____________ in contrast

A

Decrease

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35
Q

Densities which fall in the toe or shoulder portion, decrease the contrast on the image. the slope of the characteristic curves also affects _____________

A

Contrast

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36
Q

As the slope becomes steeper, the range of the diagnostic densities become COMPRESSED and the contrast is _____________

A

INCREASED

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37
Q

Various _____________ factors will affect the amount of contrast on the film

A

Processing factors

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38
Q

Increasing the amount of time, the film is in the developer, the developer temperature or developer replenishment rate will _____________ the amount of chemical fog on the image

A

increase

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39
Q

In each of the changes will increase the base fog and _____________ the contrast of the image

A

DECREASE

40
Q

It depends on DIFFERENTIAL ABSORPTION of the x-ray beam

A

Subject contrast

41
Q

It occurs because different areas of the body have DIFFERENT TRANSMISSION and ATTENUATION effect on the x-ray beam

A

Differential absorption

42
Q

Structures in the body that HIGHLY ATTENUATES x-ray photons, such as bone are called as

A

Radiopaque Structures

43
Q

The tissues, that only PARTIALLY ATTENUATE x-ray photons and allow a majority of them to be transmitted such as lung are called as

A

Radiolucent

44
Q

So this are the factors that affect differential absorption and subject contrast

A

Thickness of the tissue
The atomic number and type of the tissue
Density of the tissue
kVp setting
Contrast media
Scatter radiation

45
Q

Kilo voltage
Tissue composition
Contrast medium

A

Subject contrast

46
Q

Film type
Direct exposure or intensifying screens
Processing conditions

A

Film (image receptor) contrast

47
Q

There is the part of the body that attenuates more x-rays

A

THICKER parts of the body

48
Q

An increase of _____________ centimeter in soft tissues thickness decreases the exit radiation by about a factor of _____________

A

4 CM
Factor of 2

49
Q

Two parts of the body with different tissue thickness will produce a difference in _____________ contrast

A

Subject contrast

50
Q

As body part thickness INCREASES, the amount of attenuation also _____________

A

INCREASES

51
Q

When there is little difference in the thickness of adjustment, body parts the subject contrast will be _____________

A

Decreased

52
Q

Tissues with HIGHER ATOMIC NUMBERS have GREATER ATTENUATION VALUES than tissues with lower atomic number

A

True

53
Q

Bone has a greater attenuation

A

True

54
Q

The density of the body parts in _____________ affects the amount of attenuation

A

grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3)

55
Q

Fat has low density than soft tissues so, _____________cm of soft tissues attenuates more than an equal thickness of fat

A

1cm

56
Q

It refers to the quantity of matter per unit of volume

A

Mass density

57
Q

When the difference in density between adjustment tissue is great, the subject contrast will be _____________(1), and when the differences in density are SMALL, the subject contrast is _____________ (2)

A

1) INCREASED

2) DECREASED

58
Q

It controls the energy of the x-ray beam

A

kVp

59
Q

_____________-energy x-ray photons have less differential absorption because they are more penetrating

A

HIGHER ENERGY X-RAY PHOTONS

60
Q

Higher energy x-ray, photons also produce more _____________ scattering than lower energy x-rays

A

Compton

61
Q

The combination of less differential absorption and more scattering results in _____________ subject contrast at HIGHER energies

A

LESS subject contrast

62
Q

INCREASING the average energy of the x-ray beam by increasing thekVp or the beam filtration _____________ the subject contrast

A

LOWER

63
Q

_____________ It results an x-ray photons with less energy and more differential absorption will occur resulting in _____________ subject contrast

A

1) LOWER kVp

2) HIGHER subject contras

64
Q

_____________ it utilizes a lower kvp to INCREASE the subject contrast of the breast tissue

A

Mammography

65
Q

By adding this, it serves as adding a higher atomic number to the vessels or organs in the body, which increases the differential absorption and results in body structures becoming more visible.

A

Contrast agent

66
Q

This are commonly used as contrast agents because they have high atomic numbers and high densities. (2)

A

1) iodine
2) barium

67
Q

Are Radiopaque substances which absorb the x-ray for

A

Barium and iodine

68
Q

The INCREASED attenuation makes the structure containing the contrast agent appear LIGHTER than surrounding tissues and_________ subject contrast.

A

INCREASES SUBJECT CONTRAST

69
Q

This is also used as a contrast agent where in it increases differential absorption because it’s lower density increases transmission through the air- field structures.

A

AIR

70
Q

It is a radioLucent contrast agent, which allows us to visualize long tissue as well as the ribs and mediastenum outline.

A

AIR

71
Q

Increases or decreases

Air _________ subject contrast and provides a short scale of contrast to better visualized structure.

A

INCREASES

72
Q

Radiograph showing decreased density because of the _________ x-ray beam attenuation by use of a positive contrast agent.

A

INCREASE

73
Q

It’s refers to a radiation that has undergone one or more Compton interactions in the body

A

Scatter

74
Q

Ask KVP INCREASED, the percentage of Compton interactions _________

A

Also INCREASES

75
Q

The presence of scatter _________ radiographic contrast because the scatter INCREASES the film fog, the result in a LONG SCALE OF GRAY.

A

Reduces

76
Q

Our devices used to absorb and reduce the scatter before it reaches the film thereby, INCREASING THE CONTRAST.

A

Grids

77
Q

This are used when imaging with a high KVP

A

Grids

78
Q

LOW KVP imaging does NOT produce the high percentage of Compton interactions and does not require a grid to absorb the scatter before it reaches the film

A

Remember: LOW KVP DOESNT REQUIRE GRIDS

79
Q

Factors that influence contrast are

A

mAs
SID
filtration
beam restrictions
Grids
Collimation
OID
anatomic part
Contrast and processing

80
Q

It changes the exposure to the image, receptor and density of the image, thereby affecting contrast

A

mAs

81
Q

when the exposure is change sufficiently enough to move the film density out of the diagnostic range, whether under exposed or overexposed, the image contrast is ____________

A

DECREASED

mAs

82
Q

As the SID changes the intensity of the beam also changes…

A

..

83
Q

It governs the amount of change which will occur under the SID

A

Inverse square law

84
Q

Greater distances from the image receptor will cause LESS density on the image because the intensity of the beam is diminished resulting in ____________

A

DECREASED CONTRAST

SID

85
Q

(Increase or decrease)

Using shorter SID will ____________ contrast. This occurs because the intensity of the beam is greater when the SID is closer to the image receptor

A

INCREASE

86
Q

It’s all types will altered the image receptor exposure contrast.

A

Filtration

87
Q

Act to absorb the weaker photons that produce a more energetic beam

A

Filtration

88
Q

The INCREASED beam energy will cost more and interactions and scatter radiations, both of which will ____________ contrast

A

DECREASE

89
Q

Affect contrast as a result of their absorption of scatter radiation that exits the patient.

A

Radiographic grids

90
Q

A grid is placed between the ____________ and the ____________

A

PATIENT and the IMAGE RECEPTOR

91
Q

Increase or decrease
The effect of less scatter or unwanted density on the image is to ____________ the radiographic contrast

A

Increase

92
Q

The more efficient agreed is an absorbing scatter, the____________ it’s effect on radiographic contrast

A

Greater

93
Q

It changes in the size of the x-ray field effect the amount of the tissue irradiated

A

Collimation

94
Q

The increased amount of scatter radiation, reaching the image receptor results in less radiographic contrast

A

Collimation

95
Q

The decreased amount of scatter radiation, reaching the image receptor results in greater geographic contrast

A

Collimation

96
Q

Object to image Receptor Distance

When sufficient distance between the object and the image receptor exists an/a ____________ is created preventing the scatter radiation from striking the image receptor.

A

Air gap

97
Q

Whenever the amount of scatter radiation Reaching the image receptor is REDUCED, the radiographic contrast is INCREASED

A

OID (Object-to-Image- Receptor Distances)

RT 203 (3 decks)

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