Chapter 5 Flashcards by Grace Pacaldo

perception of body position

proprioception

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strong enough to excite sensory receptors and send nerve impulses to the brain

Absolute threshold

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refers to the minimum amount of stimulus energy that must be present for the stimulus to be detected 50% of the time.

Absolute threshold

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We receive it, but we are not consciously aware of it.

subliminal messages

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we are more interested in how much difference in stimuli is required to detect a difference between them.

just noticeable difference (jnd) or difference threshold

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changes depending on the stimulus intensity.

just noticeable difference (jnd) or difference threshold

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refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced.

Perception

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are specialized neurons that respond to specific types of stimuli.

Sensory receptors

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When sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor

sensation

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The conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential

transduction.

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processing refers to the fact that perceptions are built from sensory input.

Bottom-up

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how we interpret those sensations is influenced by our available knowledge, our experiences, and our thoughts.

Top-down

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how we interpret those sensations is influenced by our available knowledge, our experiences, and our thoughts.

Top-down

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proposed this theory of change in difference threshold

Ernst Weber

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we often don’t perceive stimuli that remain relatively constant over prolonged periods of time.

sensory adaptation

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plays a significant role in determining what is sensed versus what is perceived.

Attention

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Failure to notice something that is completely visible because of a lack of attention.

inattentional blindness

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The ability to identify a stimulus when it is embedded in a distracting background.

signal detection theory

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Two physical characteristics of a wave

amplitude and wavelength

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a wave is the height of a wave as measured from the highest point on the wave (peak or crest) to the lowest point on the wave (trough).

amplitude

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refers to the length of a wave from one peak to the next

Wavelength

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refers to the number of waves that pass a given point in a given time period and is often expressed in terms of hertz (Hz), or cycles per second.

Frequency

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will have lower frequencies

Longer wavelengths

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will have higher
frequencies

shorter wavelengths

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is the portion of the larger electromagnetic spectrum that we can see.

visible spectrum

associated with longer wavelengths.

Red

are intermediate.

green

are shorter in wavelength.

blue and violet

are transmitted across the cornea and enter the eye through the pupil.

Light waves

is the transparent covering over the eye

cornea

It serves as a barrier between the inner eye and the outside world, and it is involved in focusing light waves that enter the eye.

cornea

the small opening in the eye through which light passes, and the size of the pupil can change as a function of light levels as well as emotional arousal.

pupil

is controlled by muscles that are connected to the iris, which is the colored portion of the eye.

pupil’s size

after passing through the pupil, light crosses the

Lens

a curved, transparent structure that serves to provide additional focus.

Lens

In a normal-sighted individual, the lens will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the

fovea

the light-sensitive lining of the eye.

retina

light-detecting cells

cones

are specialized types of photoreceptors that work best in bright light conditions.

cones

are specialized photoreceptors that work well in low light conditions

rods

Rods and cones are connected (via several interneurons) to

retinal ganglion cells.

___ from the retinal ganglion cells converge and exit through the back of the eye to form

Axon

Axon from the retinal ganglion cells converge and exit through the back of the eye to form

optic nerve

carries visual information from the retina to the brain

optic nerve

The optic nerve from each eye merges just below the brain at a point called

optic chiasm

an X-shaped structure that sits just below the cerebral cortex at the front of the brain.

optic chiasm

involved in object recognition and identification

what pathway

involved with location in space and how one might interact with a particular visual stimulus

where/how pathway

The three types of cones

red, green, and blue

describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus.

Afterimage

Our ability to perceive spatial relationships in three-dimensional (3-D) space.

Depth perception

which means that they rely on the use of both eyes.

binocular cues

cues that require only one eye.

monocular cues

refers to the fact that we perceive depth when we see two parallel lines that seem to converge in an image

Linear perspective

the visible part of the ear that protrudes from our heads

pinna

The middle ear contains three tiny bones

eardrum

three tiny bones in the eardrum

ossicles

ossicles are named?

malleus incus stapes

is a fluid-filled, snail-shaped structure that contains the sensory receptor cells (hair cells) of the auditory system Sound waves travel along the auditory canal and strike the tympanic membrane, causing it to vibrate.

cochlea

thin membrane of the cochlea

oval window

difference refers to the fact that a sound coming from the right side of your body is more intense at your right ear than at your left ear because of the attenuation of the sound wave as it passes through your head.

Interaural level

refers to the small difference in the time at which a given sound wave arrives at each ear

Interaural timing difference

the partial or complete inability to hear.

Deafness

One disease that results in sensorineural hearing loss is

Ménière's disease.

Some people are born deaf, which is known as

congenital deafness.

When the hearing problem is associated with a failure to transmit neural signals from the cochlea to the brain

sensorineural hearing loss

are electronic devices that consist of a microphone, a speech processor, and an electrode array.

Cochlear implants

a Japanese word that roughly translates to yummy, and it is associated with a taste for monosodium glutamate

Umami

are formed by groupings of taste receptor cells with hair-like extensions that protrude into the central pore of the taste bud

Taste buds

are located in a mucous membrane at the top of the nose.

Olfactory receptor cells

Small hair-like extensions from these receptors serve as the sites for odor molecules dissolved in the mucus to interact with chemical receptors located on these extensions

Olfactory receptor cells

a bulb-like structure at the tip of the frontal lobe where the olfactory nerves begin.

olfactory bulb

respond to pressure and lower frequency vibrations

Meissner’s corpuscles

detect transient pressure and higher frequency vibrations.

Pacinian corpuscles

respond to light pressure

Merkel’s disks

detect stretch

Ruffini corpuscles

temperature perception

thermoception

a signal indicating potential harm and maybe pain

Nociception

Pain that signals some type of tissue damage is known as

inflammatory pain.

pain signals that are sent to the brain get exaggerated.

neuropathic pain.

This very rare genetic disorder

congenital analgesia

detect differences in temperature and pressure, they cannot experience pain

congenital analgesia

the major sensory organs

utricle saccule three semicircular canals

perception of body position

proprioception

perception of the body’s movement through space

kinesthesia

Hearing?

audition

Smell

olfaction

Taste

gustatation

Touch

somatosensation

What are the Electromagnetic radiation?

* Gamma rays * x-rays * ultraviolet light * visible light * infrared light * microwaves * radio waves

Associated with various aspects of our perception of sound

Sound waves

associated with amplitude of sound waves

loudness

damage from about 80 dB to 130 dB

Potential for hearing

Travel along auditory canal

Sound waves

movement of three ossicles

Vibration

receptor of the inner ear embedded in the basilar membrane

Hair cells

thin strip of tissue within the cochlea

Basilar membrane

Both have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe

Chemical senses

Transmitted to the medulla, thalamus, limbic system and to gustatory cortex

Taste information

chemical messages sent by another individual (mating)

Pheromones

Published paper demonstrating that individuals perceived motion in rapidly flickering static images

Max Wertheimer

Law of difference threshold

Weber's LAw