Chapter 5 Flashcards
perception of body position
proprioception
strong enough to excite sensory receptors and send nerve impulses to the brain
Absolute threshold
refers to the minimum amount of stimulus energy that must be present for the stimulus to be detected 50% of the time.
Absolute threshold
We receive it, but we are not consciously aware of it.
subliminal messages
we are more interested in how much difference in stimuli is required to detect a difference between them.
just noticeable difference (jnd) or difference threshold
changes depending on the stimulus intensity.
just noticeable difference (jnd) or difference threshold
refers to the way sensory information is organized, interpreted, and consciously experienced.
Perception
are specialized neurons that respond to specific types of stimuli.
Sensory receptors
When sensory information is detected by a sensory receptor
sensation
The conversion from sensory stimulus energy to action potential
transduction.
processing refers to the fact that perceptions are built from sensory input.
Bottom-up
how we interpret those sensations is influenced by our available knowledge, our experiences, and our thoughts.
Top-down
how we interpret those sensations is influenced by our available knowledge, our experiences, and our thoughts.
Top-down
proposed this theory of change in difference threshold
Ernst Weber
we often don’t perceive stimuli that remain relatively constant over prolonged periods of time.
sensory adaptation
plays a significant role in determining what is sensed versus what is perceived.
Attention
Failure to notice something that is completely visible because of a lack of attention.
inattentional blindness
The ability to identify a stimulus when it is embedded in a distracting background.
signal detection theory
Two physical characteristics of a wave
amplitude and wavelength
a wave is the height of a wave as measured from the highest point on the wave (peak or crest) to the lowest point on the wave (trough).
amplitude
refers to the length of a wave from one peak to the next
Wavelength
refers to the number of waves that pass a given point in a given time period and is often expressed in terms of hertz (Hz), or cycles per second.
Frequency
will have lower frequencies
Longer wavelengths
will have higher
frequencies
shorter wavelengths
is the portion of the larger electromagnetic spectrum that we can see.
visible spectrum
associated with longer wavelengths.
Red
are intermediate.
green
are shorter in wavelength.
blue and violet
are transmitted across the cornea and enter the eye through the pupil.
Light waves
is the transparent covering over the eye
cornea
It serves as a barrier between the inner eye and the outside world, and it is involved in focusing light waves that enter the eye.
cornea
the small opening in the eye through which light passes, and the size of the pupil can change as a function of light levels as well as emotional arousal.
pupil
is controlled by muscles that are connected to the iris, which is the colored portion of the eye.
pupil’s size
after passing through the pupil, light crosses the
Lens
a curved, transparent structure that serves to provide additional focus.
Lens
In a normal-sighted individual, the lens will focus images perfectly on a small indentation in the back of the eye known as the
fovea
the light-sensitive lining of the eye.
retina
light-detecting cells
cones
are specialized types of photoreceptors that work best in bright light conditions.
cones
are specialized photoreceptors that work well in low light conditions
rods
Rods and cones are connected (via several interneurons) to
retinal ganglion cells.
___ from the retinal ganglion cells converge and exit through the back of the eye to form
Axon
Axon from the retinal ganglion cells converge and exit through the back of the eye to form
optic nerve
carries visual information from the retina to the brain
optic nerve
The optic nerve from each eye merges just below the brain at a point called
optic chiasm
an X-shaped structure that sits just below the cerebral cortex at the front of the brain.
optic chiasm
involved in object recognition and identification
what pathway
involved with location in space and how one might interact with a particular visual stimulus
where/how pathway
The three types of cones
red, green, and blue
describes the continuation of a visual sensation after removal of the stimulus.
Afterimage
Our ability to perceive spatial relationships in three-dimensional (3-D) space.
Depth perception
which means that they rely on the use of both eyes.
binocular cues
cues that require only one eye.
monocular cues
refers to the fact that we perceive depth when we see two parallel lines that seem to converge in an image
Linear perspective
the visible part of the ear that protrudes from our heads
pinna
The middle ear contains three tiny bones
eardrum
three tiny bones in the eardrum
ossicles
ossicles are named?
malleus
incus
stapes
is a fluid-filled, snail-shaped structure that contains the sensory receptor cells (hair cells) of the auditory system Sound waves travel along the auditory canal and strike the tympanic membrane, causing it to vibrate.
cochlea
thin membrane of the cochlea
oval window
difference refers to the fact that a sound coming from the right side of your body is more intense at your right ear than at your left ear because of the attenuation of the sound wave as it passes through your head.
Interaural level
refers to the small difference in the time at which a given sound wave arrives at each ear
Interaural timing difference
the partial or complete inability to hear.
Deafness
One disease that results in sensorineural hearing loss is
Ménière’s disease.
Some people are born deaf, which is known as
congenital deafness.
When the hearing problem is associated with a failure to transmit neural signals from the cochlea to the brain
sensorineural hearing loss
are electronic devices that consist of a microphone, a speech processor, and an electrode array.
Cochlear implants
a Japanese word that roughly translates to yummy, and it is associated with a taste for monosodium glutamate
Umami
are formed by groupings of taste receptor cells with hair-like extensions that protrude into the central pore of the taste bud
Taste buds
are located in a mucous membrane at the top of the nose.
Olfactory receptor cells
Small hair-like extensions from these receptors serve as the sites for odor molecules dissolved in the mucus to interact with chemical receptors located on these extensions
Olfactory receptor cells
a bulb-like structure at the tip of the frontal lobe where the olfactory nerves begin.
olfactory bulb
respond to pressure and lower frequency vibrations
Meissner’s corpuscles
detect transient pressure and higher frequency vibrations.
Pacinian corpuscles
respond to light pressure
Merkel’s disks
detect stretch
Ruffini corpuscles
temperature perception
thermoception
a signal indicating potential harm and maybe pain
Nociception
Pain that signals some type of tissue damage is known as
inflammatory pain.
pain signals that are sent to the brain get exaggerated.
neuropathic pain.
This very rare genetic disorder
congenital analgesia
detect differences in temperature and pressure, they cannot experience pain
congenital analgesia
the major sensory organs
utricle
saccule
three semicircular canals
perception of body position
proprioception
perception of the
body’s movement through space
kinesthesia
Hearing?
audition
Smell
olfaction
Taste
gustatation
Touch
somatosensation
What are the Electromagnetic radiation?
- Gamma rays
- x-rays
- ultraviolet light
- visible light
- infrared light
- microwaves
- radio waves
Associated with various aspects of our perception of sound
Sound waves
associated with amplitude of sound waves
loudness
damage from about 80 dB
to 130 dB
Potential for hearing
Travel along auditory canal
Sound waves
movement of three ossicles
Vibration
receptor of the inner ear embedded in the basilar membrane
Hair cells
thin strip of tissue within the cochlea
Basilar membrane
Both have sensory receptors that respond to molecules in the food we eat or in the air we breathe
Chemical senses
Transmitted to the medulla, thalamus, limbic system and to gustatory cortex
Taste information
chemical messages sent by
another individual (mating)
Pheromones
Published paper demonstrating that individuals perceived motion in rapidly
flickering static images
Max Wertheimer
Law of difference threshold
Weber’s LAw
