Chap 4 Flashcards
Describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli
Consciousness
Continuum that ranges from full awareness to deep sleep
Consciousness
relatively low levels of physical activity
sleep
reduced sensory awareness
sleep
distinct from period of rest that occur during wakefulness
sleep
High levels of sensory awareness, though and behavior
Wakefulness
Internal rhythms of biological activity
Biological Rhythms
- Body temperature: 24 hour period
- Alertness: high body temperature
- Sleepiness: lower body temperature
Biological Rhythms
Biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours
Circadian rhythm
Sleep-wake cycle: environment’s natural light dark cycle
Circadian rhythm
Maintain balance, or optimal level, within a biological system
Homeostasis
Brain’s clock mechanism in hypothalamus area
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
Axons of light-sensitive neurons in the retina provide information to the SCN based on the amount of light present, allowing this internal clock to be synchronized with the outside world
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
Regulator of sleep-wake cycles
Melatonin (hormone)
Stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light
Melatonin (hormone)
Endocrine structure located inside the brain that
releases melatonin
Pineal gland
Thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and of the immune
system during sleep
Pineal gland
Differences of circadian pattern of human
Person’s chronotype
- Others: morning larks
- Others: night owls
Person’s chronotype
Brain’s control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with outside world
Sleep regulation
Collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment
jetlag
Travelling across multiple time zones
jetlag
- Sx:
o Fatigue
o Sluggishness
o Irritability
o Insomnia
jetlag
Work schedule changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis
Rotating shift work
Difficult for circadian cycle to be maintained
Rotating shift work
Does not get sufficient sleep on a chronic basis
Sleep debt
Decreased level of alertness and mental efficiency
Sleep debt
- Results in depression-like symptoms
- Associated with:
o Obesity
o Increased Blood pressure
o Increased level of stress hormones - Reduced immune functioning
- Fall asleep more quickly
- Have difficulty of staying awake
Sleep deprived
Study that combines the results of many related studies conducted within the last decade indicates that by the time we are 65 years old, we average fewer than 7 hours sleep per day
Meta-analysis
Amount of sleep varies over our lifespan
Meta-analysis
Distinguished by low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness
sleep
evidenced by sleep rebound following sleep deprivation
Homeostatic regulation of sleep
fact that sleep-deprived
individual will tend to take a shorter time to fall asleep during subsequent opportunities for sleep
Sleep rebound
Certain patterns of activity of the brain that can be visualized using ___ different phases of sleep as well
electroencephalography
regulate slow-wave sleep
Thalamus
SCN
Hypothalamus
regulating rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
pons
Secretes both FSH and LH
Pituitary gland
Secretes growth hormone, during sleep, which plays a role in physical growth and maturation as well as other metabolic process
Pituitary gland
FSH
Follicle stimulating hormone
LH
Luteinizing hormone
discipline that studies
how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection
Evolutionary psychology
Sleep holds that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risk, which increase in darkness
Hypothesis
sleep is essential to restore
resources that are expended during the day
Argument
Visualize brain wave activity
Electroencephalography
Darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids
Rapid Eye movement (REM) sleep
Brain waves appear similar to brain waves during wakefulness
Rapid Eye movement (REM) sleep
Dreaming occurs
Rapid Eye movement (REM) sleep
Associated with paralysis of muscle systems in the body with the exception of those that make circulation and respiration possible
Rapid Eye movement (REM) sleep
No movement of voluntary muscles
Rapid Eye movement (REM) sleep
Referred to as paradoxical sleep
Rapid Eye movement (REM) sleep
paradoxical sleep
high brain activity and lack of muscle tone
recoup the lost time in REM (REM sleep deprived individual)
REM rebound
Learning, Memory, Emotional processing and regulation
REM
Transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep
Stage 1 nrem
Period during which we drift off to sleep
Stage 1 nrem
Slow down in both rates of respiration and heartbeat
Stage 1 nrem
Marked decrease in both overall muscle tension
and core body temperature
Stage 1 nrem
Alpha and theta waves; relatively low frequency; high amplitude pattern of electrical
activity (waves) that become synchronized
Stage 1 nrem
are even lower frequency (4-7 Hz), higher amplitude brain waves than alpha waves
Theta waves
The body goes into deep relaxation
Stage 2 sleep
Theta waves still dominate, but interrupted by brief bursts of activity known as sleep spindles
Stage 2 sleep
rapid burst of higher frequency
brain waves that may be important for learning and memory
Sleep spindles
Appearance of K-complex
Stage 2 sleep
very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli
K-complex
might serve as bridge to higher
levels of arousal in response to what is going on in our environment
K-complex
Often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep
Stage 3 and Stage 4 sleep
Heart rate, respiration slow dramatically
Stage 3 and Stage 4 sleep
Do not feel refreshed upon waking regardless of how long they slept
Stage 3 and Stage 4 sleep
dreams simple reflect life events that are important to the dreamer
Rosalind Cartwright
dreaming may represent state of protoconsciousness (dreaming involves constructing a virtual reality in our heads that we might use to help us during wakefulness.
John Hobson
dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream
Lucid dreams
aware that they are dreaming (control content)
state
Consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep
Insomnia
Most common of the sleep disorders
Insomnia
Long delays between the times that they go to bed and actually fall asleep
Insomnia
May wake up several times during nigh only to find that they have difficulty getting back to sleep
Insomnia
Sx: 3 nights a week for least 1 month’s time
Insomnia
Increased levels of anxiety about inability to sleep
Insomnia
make prospect of falling asleep even more unlikely
Self-perpetuating cycle (high anxiety:increased
arousal:
feeling overtired (Sx of depression)
Chronic insomnia
- Excessive sleepiness
- Excessive and chronic daytime and nighttime sleepiness
Hypersomnia
Group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role
Parasomnias
Can occur in either REM or NREM
Parasomnias
Eyes open but unresponsive
Sleepwalking
Occurs in slow-wave sleep but can occur any time during sleep period
Sleepwalking
Treatment of Sleepwalking
benzodiazepines & antidepressant
Occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur
REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)
High levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams
REM
Associated with Neurodegenerative diseases
(parkinson’s disease)
REM
Treatment of REM
clonazepam & anti-anxiety
medication with sedative properties
Uncomfortable sensations in the legs during period of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep
Restless leg syndrome
Associated with CKD and diabetes
Restless leg syndrome
treatment for Restless leg syndrome
Benzodiazepines, Opiated and
anticonvulants
Results in a sense of panic sufferer are accompanied by screams and attempts to
escape from the immediate environment
Night terrors
- No memories of the events occurred
- Will fall back to sleep again within a short time
- Occurs during NREM phase of sleep
Night terrors
Episodes during which a sleeper’s breathing stops
Sleep Apnea
- 10-20 seconds or longer (associated with brief
periods or arousal) - Common in overweight (snorring)
- Exacerbate Cardiovascular disease
Sleep Apnea
airway becomes
blocked during sleep, and air is prevented entering lungs
Obstructive sleep apnea
disruption in signals sent
from the brain that regulate breathing cause periods on interrupted breathing
Central sleep apnea
Infant stops breathing during sleep and dies
SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)
Cannot resist falling asleep at inopportune times
Narcolepsy
lack of muscle tone or muscle
weakness and in some cases involves complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles
Cataplexy
minutes to two to half an hour
episodes
- Involves changes in normal bodily functions
- The user will experience withdrawal from the
drug upon cessation of use
Physical dependence
Has emotional rather than physical need for the drug
Psychological dependence
May use the drug to relieve psychological distress
Psychological dependence
Occurs when a person requires more and more to achieve effects previously at lower dosage
Tolerance
Can cause the user to increase the amount of drug used to dangerous level (up to overdose and death)
Tolerance
Variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued
Drug withdrawal
Known as alcohol
Ethanol
changes in
consciousness
Acute alcohol administration
- At rather low dose: feelings of euphoria
- Increased dose: sedated
Ethanol
Drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity
Depressant
Barbiturates and benzodiazepines
Depressant
Serve as agonist of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric
acid) neurotransmitter system
Depressant
Increase overall levels of neural activity
Stimulants
What are the stimulants?
- Cocaine
- Amphetamines (methamphetamine)
- Cathinones (bath salts)
- MDMA (ecstasy)
- Nicotine
- Caffeine
Many acts as agonist of dopamine neurotransmitter system
Stimulants
Heroin, morphine, mathadone, and codeine
Oploids
Have analgesic properties (decrease pain)
Oploids
derivatives of opium;
naturally occurring found in poppy plant
Opiates
One class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual
experiences
Hallucinogens
Experience vivid visual hallucinations
Hallucinogens
State of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external
stimuli
Hypnosis
Have clear memories to hypnotic experience
Hypnosis
The participant is guided to focus on one thing, such as the hypnotist’s words or a ticking watch.
Hypnosis
The participant is made comfortable and is directed to be relaxed and sleepy.
Hypnosis
Act of focusing on a single target to increase
awareness of the moment
Meditation
Treatment of mood and anxiety disorders
Meditation
