Chap 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Describes our awareness of internal and external stimuli
A
Consciousness
2
Q
Continuum that ranges from full awareness to deep sleep
A
Consciousness
3
Q
relatively low levels of physical activity
A
sleep
4
Q
reduced sensory awareness
A
sleep
5
Q
distinct from period of rest that occur during wakefulness
A
sleep
6
Q
High levels of sensory awareness, though and behavior
A
Wakefulness
7
Q
Internal rhythms of biological activity
A
Biological Rhythms
8
Q
- Body temperature: 24 hour period
- Alertness: high body temperature
- Sleepiness: lower body temperature
A
Biological Rhythms
9
Q
Biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours
A
Circadian rhythm
10
Q
Sleep-wake cycle: environment’s natural light dark cycle
A
Circadian rhythm
11
Q
Maintain balance, or optimal level, within a biological system
A
Homeostasis
12
Q
Brain’s clock mechanism in hypothalamus area
A
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
13
Q
Axons of light-sensitive neurons in the retina provide information to the SCN based on the amount of light present, allowing this internal clock to be synchronized with the outside world
A
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
14
Q
Regulator of sleep-wake cycles
A
Melatonin (hormone)
15
Q
Stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light
A
Melatonin (hormone)
16
Q
Endocrine structure located inside the brain that
releases melatonin
A
Pineal gland
17
Q
Thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and of the immune
system during sleep
A
Pineal gland
18
Q
Differences of circadian pattern of human
A
Person’s chronotype
19
Q
- Others: morning larks
- Others: night owls
A
Person’s chronotype
20
Q
Brain’s control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with outside world
A
Sleep regulation
21
Q
Collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment
A
jetlag
22
Q
Travelling across multiple time zones
A
jetlag
23
Q
- Sx:
o Fatigue
o Sluggishness
o Irritability
o Insomnia
A
jetlag
24
Q
Work schedule changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis
A
Rotating shift work
25
Difficult for circadian cycle to be maintained
Rotating shift work
26
Does not get sufficient sleep on a chronic basis
Sleep debt
27
Decreased level of alertness and mental efficiency
Sleep debt
28
* Results in depression-like symptoms
* Associated with:
o Obesity
o Increased Blood pressure
o Increased level of stress hormones
* Reduced immune functioning
* Fall asleep more quickly
* Have difficulty of staying awake
Sleep deprived
29
Study that combines the results of many related studies conducted within the last decade indicates that by the time we are 65 years old, we average fewer than 7 hours sleep per day
Meta-analysis
30
Amount of sleep varies over our lifespan
Meta-analysis
31
Distinguished by low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness
sleep
32
evidenced by sleep rebound following sleep deprivation
Homeostatic regulation of sleep
33
fact that sleep-deprived
individual will tend to take a shorter time to fall asleep during subsequent opportunities for sleep
Sleep rebound
34
Certain patterns of activity of the brain that can be visualized using ___ different phases of sleep as well
electroencephalography
35
regulate slow-wave sleep
Thalamus
36
SCN
Hypothalamus
37
regulating rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
pons
38
Secretes both FSH and LH
Pituitary gland
39
Secretes growth hormone, during sleep, which plays a role in physical growth and maturation as well as other metabolic process
Pituitary gland
40
FSH
Follicle stimulating hormone
41
LH
Luteinizing hormone
42
discipline that studies
how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result of natural selection
Evolutionary psychology
43
Sleep holds that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risk, which increase in darkness
Hypothesis
44
sleep is essential to restore
resources that are expended during the day
Argument
45
Visualize brain wave activity
Electroencephalography
46
Darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids
Rapid Eye movement (REM) sleep
47
Brain waves appear similar to brain waves during wakefulness
Rapid Eye movement (REM) sleep
48
Dreaming occurs
Rapid Eye movement (REM) sleep
49
Associated with paralysis of muscle systems in the body with the exception of those that make circulation and respiration possible
Rapid Eye movement (REM) sleep
50
No movement of voluntary muscles
Rapid Eye movement (REM) sleep
51
Referred to as paradoxical sleep
Rapid Eye movement (REM) sleep
52
paradoxical sleep
high brain activity and lack of muscle tone
53
recoup the lost time in REM (REM sleep deprived individual)
REM rebound
54
Learning, Memory, Emotional processing and regulation
REM
55
Transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep
Stage 1 nrem
56
Period during which we drift off to sleep
Stage 1 nrem
57
Slow down in both rates of respiration and heartbeat
Stage 1 nrem
58
Marked decrease in both overall muscle tension
and core body temperature
Stage 1 nrem
59
Alpha and theta waves; relatively low frequency; high amplitude pattern of electrical
activity (waves) that become synchronized
Stage 1 nrem
60
are even lower frequency (4-7 Hz), higher amplitude brain waves than alpha waves
Theta waves
61
The body goes into deep relaxation
Stage 2 sleep
62
Theta waves still dominate, but interrupted by brief bursts of activity known as sleep spindles
Stage 2 sleep
63
rapid burst of higher frequency
brain waves that may be important for learning and memory
Sleep spindles
64
Appearance of K-complex
Stage 2 sleep
65
very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may in some cases occur in response to environmental stimuli
K-complex
66
might serve as bridge to higher
levels of arousal in response to what is going on in our environment
K-complex
67
Often referred to as deep sleep or slow-wave sleep
Stage 3 and Stage 4 sleep
68
Heart rate, respiration slow dramatically
Stage 3 and Stage 4 sleep
69
Do not feel refreshed upon waking regardless of how long they slept
Stage 3 and Stage 4 sleep
70
dreams simple reflect life events that are important to the dreamer
Rosalind Cartwright
71
dreaming may represent state of protoconsciousness (dreaming involves constructing a virtual reality in our heads that we might use to help us during wakefulness.
John Hobson
72
dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream
Lucid dreams
73
aware that they are dreaming (control content)
state
74
Consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep
Insomnia
75
Most common of the sleep disorders
Insomnia
76
Long delays between the times that they go to bed and actually fall asleep
Insomnia
77
May wake up several times during nigh only to find that they have difficulty getting back to sleep
Insomnia
78
Sx: 3 nights a week for least 1 month’s time
Insomnia
79
Increased levels of anxiety about inability to sleep
Insomnia
80
make prospect of falling asleep even more unlikely
Self-perpetuating cycle (high anxiety:increased
arousal:
81
feeling overtired (Sx of depression)
Chronic insomnia
82
* Excessive sleepiness
* Excessive and chronic daytime and nighttime sleepiness
Hypersomnia
83
Group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role
Parasomnias
84
Can occur in either REM or NREM
Parasomnias
85
Eyes open but unresponsive
Sleepwalking
86
Occurs in slow-wave sleep but can occur any time during sleep period
Sleepwalking
87
Treatment of Sleepwalking
benzodiazepines & antidepressant
88
Occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur
REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD)
89
High levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams
REM
90
Associated with Neurodegenerative diseases
(parkinson’s disease)
REM
91
Treatment of REM
clonazepam & anti-anxiety
medication with sedative properties
92
Uncomfortable sensations in the legs during period of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep
Restless leg syndrome
93
Associated with CKD and diabetes
Restless leg syndrome
94
treatment for Restless leg syndrome
Benzodiazepines, Opiated and
anticonvulants
95
Results in a sense of panic sufferer are accompanied by screams and attempts to
escape from the immediate environment
Night terrors
96
* No memories of the events occurred
* Will fall back to sleep again within a short time
* Occurs during NREM phase of sleep
Night terrors
97
Episodes during which a sleeper’s breathing stops
Sleep Apnea
98
* 10-20 seconds or longer (associated with brief
periods or arousal)
* Common in overweight (snorring)
* Exacerbate Cardiovascular disease
Sleep Apnea
99
airway becomes
blocked during sleep, and air is prevented entering lungs
Obstructive sleep apnea
100
disruption in signals sent
from the brain that regulate breathing cause periods on interrupted breathing
Central sleep apnea
101
Infant stops breathing during sleep and dies
SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome)
102
Cannot resist falling asleep at inopportune times
Narcolepsy
103
lack of muscle tone or muscle
weakness and in some cases involves complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles
Cataplexy
104
minutes to two to half an hour
episodes
105
* Involves changes in normal bodily functions
* The user will experience withdrawal from the
drug upon cessation of use
Physical dependence
106
Has emotional rather than physical need for the drug
Psychological dependence
107
May use the drug to relieve psychological distress
Psychological dependence
108
Occurs when a person requires more and more to achieve effects previously at lower dosage
Tolerance
109
Can cause the user to increase the amount of drug used to dangerous level (up to overdose and death)
Tolerance
110
Variety of negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued
Drug withdrawal
111
Known as alcohol
Ethanol
112
changes in
consciousness
Acute alcohol administration
113
* At rather low dose: feelings of euphoria
* Increased dose: sedated
Ethanol
114
Drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity
Depressant
115
Barbiturates and benzodiazepines
Depressant
116
Serve as agonist of GABA (gamma-aminobutyric
acid) neurotransmitter system
Depressant
117
Increase overall levels of neural activity
Stimulants
118
What are the stimulants?
* Cocaine
* Amphetamines (methamphetamine)
* Cathinones (bath salts)
* MDMA (ecstasy)
* Nicotine
* Caffeine
119
Many acts as agonist of dopamine neurotransmitter system
Stimulants
119
120
Heroin, morphine, mathadone, and codeine
Oploids
121
Have analgesic properties (decrease pain)
Oploids
122
derivatives of opium;
naturally occurring found in poppy plant
Opiates
123
One class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual
experiences
Hallucinogens
124
Experience vivid visual hallucinations
Hallucinogens
125
State of extreme self-focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external
stimuli
Hypnosis
126
Have clear memories to hypnotic experience
Hypnosis
127
The participant is guided to focus on one thing, such as the hypnotist’s words or a ticking watch.
Hypnosis
128
The participant is made comfortable and is directed to be relaxed and sleepy.
Hypnosis
129
Act of focusing on a single target to increase
awareness of the moment
Meditation
130
Treatment of mood and anxiety disorders
Meditation
